Chapter 22 Objectives
State the two major points Darwin made in The Origin of Species concerning the Earth's biota.
The two major points are Natural Selection and the Synthetic Theory of Evolution.
Describe Carolus Linnaeus' contribution to Darwin's theory of evolution.
This individual was the father of taxonomy, which is in charge of naming and the diverse forms of life. This helped Darwin in the classification of species.
Describe Jean Baptiste Lamarck's model for how adaptations evolve.
Lamarck build a ladder that compared current species to fossil forms.
Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time.
The fossil records
Define and state the basic principles in natural selection.
Natural Selection is the difference in survival and reproduction among individuals in a population as a result of their interaction with the environment.
Describe how molecular biology can be used to study the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Evolutionary relationships among species are reflected in the DNA and proteins.
Chapter 23 Objectives
Explain what is meant by the "modern synthesis".
Modern synthesis is a comprehensive theory of evolution emphasizing natural selection, gradualism, and population as the fundamental units of evolutionary charge; also called neo-Darwinism
Explain how microevolutionary change can affect a gene pool.
Microevolution changes the gene pool of a population over a succession of generations.
In their own words, state the Hardy-Weinberg theorem.
The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes a no evolving population.
Describe the usefulness of the Hardy-Weinberg model to population geneticists.
According to this theorem the frequency of alleles in a population will remain constant if sexual reproduction is the only process that affects the gene pool.
Explain how genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating and natural selection can cause microevolution.
Microevolution can occur when one or more of the conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met.
Distinguish between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.
A bottleneck occurs when the population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size.
The founder effect occurs when allele frequencies in a group of migrating individuals are, by chance, not the same as that of their population of origin.
Explain why mutation has little quantitative effect on a large population.
It has little quantitative effect because mutation is the introduction of new alleles that may provide a selective advantage.
Give the cause of nearly all-genetic variation in a population.
Know from AP Cliffs Review Book.
Describe what selection acts on and what factors contribute to the overall fitness of a genotype.
Know from AP Cliffs Review Book.
Distinguish among stabilizing selection, directional selection and diversifying selection.
Stabilizing selection eliminates individuals who have extreme or unusual trait.
Directional selection favors trait that are at one extreme of a range of traits.
Diversifying selection occurs when the environment favors extreme or unusual trait.
Chapter 24 Objectives
Define biological species (E. Mayr).
Biological species concept defines a species as a group of population whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring with each other but not with members of other species.
Describe some limitations of the biological species concept.
Limitations are prezygotic and postzygotic barriers which isolates the gene pool of biological species.
Distinguish between prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
Prezygotic isolation consists of mechanisms that prevent fertilization.
Postzygotic isolation mechanism consists of mechanisms that prevent the formation of fertile progeny.
Describe five prezygotic isolating mechanisms and give an example of each.
Know from AP Cliffs Review Book, pg. 160
Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation.
Allopatric speciation begins when geographic barriers divide a population so that interbreeding between the two resulting populations is prevented.
Sympatric speciation is the formation of new species without the presence of a geographic barrier.
Describe the adaptive radiation model and use it to describe how it might be possible to have many sympatric closely related species even if geographic isolation is necessary for them to evolve.
Adaptive radiation is the relatively rapid evolution of many species from a single ancestor.
Define sympatric speciation and explain how polyploidy can cause reproductive isolation.
Know from AP Cliffs Review Book, pg. 159
Chapter 26 Objectives
Provide evidence to support the hypothesis that chemical evolution resulting in life's origin occurred in 4 stages:
a. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers
b. Abiotic synthesis of polymers
c. Formation of protobionts
d. Origin of genetic information
Know from AP Cliff Review Book
Describe Whittaker's five-kingdom system.
Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista and Monera
Describe three alternatives to the five-kingdom system and explain the rationale for each.
There is the five-kingdom system, the eight-kingdom system and the three-domain system