Name______
Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 1
1.Which component of personality represents morality and parental authority?
a.the id c.the libido
b.the ego d.the superego
2.Luke is obsessive about cleanliness.He can’t stand it when someone creates a mess in his house or puts something back in the wrong place.A Freudian psychoanalyst would likely say that Luke is fixated in the ______stage.
a.latency c.anal
b.orald.phallic
3.Penny is a folklorist who studies myths and stories from different cultures around the world.She notices that there are some character types that appear frequently, despite the fact that the cultures she studies have had little to no contact with each other. Whose work would Penny likely cite to explain this observation?
a.Karen Horney c.Clara Thompson
b.Sigmund Freud d.Carl Jung
4.What does the empirical evidence show about the Myers-Briggs test’s ability to predict a person’s behavior on the job or in relationships?
a.The measure has never been applied to this task.
b.The evidence does not support it.
c.There are mixed results.
d.The test has been clearly established as strong and reliable.
5.Regarding the Big Five, most psychologists would probably agree with the statement that
a.an individual’s core traits change a lot throughout his or her lifetime.
b.important traits involved in mental disorders are included in the Big Five.
c.they only apply to people in western cultures, such as the United States and Great Britain.
d.they lie at the core of key personality variations among individuals throughout the world.
6.Which of the following describes the general relationship between genes and personality?
a.A genetic predisposition does not necessarily imply genetic inevitability.
b.Personality problems that have a genetic component will inevitably occur if a person has the particular gene(s).
c.In spite of genetic dispositions and temperament, we can transform our personality completely.
d.Individual personality traits are likely to depend on a single gene.
7.A person’s personality can affect the way they perceive an experience.Conversely, different experiences can change the way a person’s perceptions take place.This is an example of which concept?
a.social-cognitive interactionc.heritability
b.nature–nurture theoryd.reciprocal determinism
8.A culture in which people tend to see themselves as autonomous, and value individual goals and wishes above duty and relations with others would be described as
a.individualist.c.autonomic.
b.narcissistic.d.collectivist.
9.______cultures value group harmony, duty, obligation, and security.
a.Collectivist c.Individualist
b.Shared environment d.Western
10.Which of the following theories of personality would be most likely to emphasize the freedom of individuals to choose to act in particular ways?
a.humanistc.psychodynamic
b.behaviorist d.collectivist
Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 1
Answer Key
1.dRationale:This is a description of the superego. (Page 40, Factual)
2.cRationale:Those fixated at the anal stage may become “anal retentive,” holding everything in, obsessive about neatness and cleanliness, or they may become just the opposite, “anal expulsive”—messy and disorganized. (Page 42, Factual)
3.d Rationale: Carl Jung believed that all human beings share a vast collective unconscious, containing universal memories, symbols, images, and themes, which he called archetypes. (Page 43, Applied)
4.bRationale:There is little evidence to support the Myers-Briggs test’s key premise that knowledge of a person’s type reliably predicts behavior on the job or in relationships. (Page 46, Factual)
5.d Rationale: Most researchers today agree that the Big Five do lie at the core of key personality variations among individuals. The Big Five have emerged as distinct, central personality dimensions throughout the world, in countries as diverse as Britain, Canada, the Czech Republic, China, Ethiopia, Turkey, the Netherlands, Japan, Spain, the Philippines, Germany, Portugal, Israel, Korea, Russia, and Australia. (Pages 47–48, Conceptual)
6.aRationale:Genes are not destiny.A person might have genes that predispose him or her to a personality trait, but without certain environmental stresses or circumstances, the trait may not develop. (Pages 53–54, Conceptual)
7.dRationale:In social-cognitive theories, the two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits is called reciprocal determinism. (Page 55, Conceptual)
8.a Rationale:In individualistic cultures the independence of the individual often takes precedence over the needs of the group. (Page 58, Factual)
9.aRationale:This is a description of collectivist cultures. (Pages 58–59, Conceptual)
10.aRationale: The humanist approach to personality emphasizes our uniquely human capacity to determine our own actions and futures. (Page 63, Conceptual)
Name______
Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 2
1.Winnie is attracted to her best friend’s boyfriend. Despite her friendship, when her friend isn’t around, Winnie tries to steal him away. According to Freud, which part of the personality would be responsible for this behavior?
a.projection c.the ego
b.the id d.the superego
2.Making a vow of celibacy was difficult for Andrew when he became a priest, but he remained true to his vow.On his 25th anniversary, the congregation held a reception and displayed several pieces of liturgical art that Andrew had created over the past two decades.According to Freud, Andrew’s artistic creations might be the result of
a.sublimation.c.denial.
b.reaction formation.d.projection.
3.Which of the following statements summarizes a key principle of the object-relations school of thought?
a.Infants develop their personality based upon which objects they encounter.
b.All human beings share a vast collection of universal memories and beliefs.
c.Individuals need to find a balance between the need for independence and the need for others.
d.Infants only care about adults who fulfill their basic needs and desires.
4. Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
a.agreeableness c.neuroticism
b.openness to experience d.psychoticism
5.The nature–nurture debate can be summarized by asking which of the following questions?
a.Are differences between people caused by genes or the environment?
b.Are people naturally nurturing?
c.Can all people be divided into “nature” or “nurture” personality types?
d.Do animals have personalities?
6.Which of these sibling pairs will share the greatest number of genes?
a.two brothers who were born of the same two parents 18 months apart
b.a brother and sister who are fraternal twins
c.two brothers who develop from the same fertilized egg
d.two sisters who are fraternal twins
7.In behavioral-genetic research, ______includes the family background in which you grew up and the experiences you shared with your siblings and parents.
a.the surface structure c.the shared environment
b.the nonshared environment d.the deep structure
8.Which statement reflects the relative influence of parent and peer influences on academic achievement?
a.A child’s parents usually have about the same influence as the child’s peers.
b.Male children are usually more influenced by their peers, but female children are more influenced by their parents.
c.Parents usually have more influence than peers.
d.Peers usually have more influence than parents.
9.Based on his research, Richard Nisbett has hypothesized that ______is the cause of higher rates of white homicide in some regions of the United States.
a.higher testosterone levels c.poverty
b.a history of slavery d.an economy originally based on herding
10.If parents accept Carl Rogers’s approach to personality development, then they are likely to respond in which of the following ways when their daughter kicks her little brother?
a.“How can you be such a mean child? Now you’ll go to your room for 30 minutes.”
b.“Our rule is that it’s not OK to hurt one another.”
c.“If you don’t tell brother you are sorry, then Mommy won’t kiss you good night.”
d.“Daddy has unconditional love for you and understands that you just felt like kicking someone.”
Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 2
Answer Key
1.bRationale:The id is the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure. (Page 40, Applied)
2.aRationale:When displacement serves a higher cultural or socially useful purpose, as in the creation of art or inventions, it is called sublimation. In this example, sexual energy has been channeled into art. (Page 41, Applied)
3.cRationale:According to object-relations theorists, the central problem in life is to find a balance between the need for independence and the need for others. (Page 43, Conceptual)
4. dRationale:The Big Five personality factors are extroversion vs. introversion, neuroticism vs. emotional stability, agreeableness vs. antagonism, conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness, and openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience. (Page 47, Factual)
5.aRationale:The nature–nurture debate centers around whether individual differences are caused nature (biology/genes) or nurture (experience/environment). (Page 49, Conceptual)
6.cRationale:Because identical twins come from the same fertilized egg, they are far more genetically alike than are other siblings. (Page 52, Applied)
7.cRationale:This is a definition of shared environment. (Pages 55–56, Factual)
8.dRationale:Peer support is typically more influential in academic achievement than parental values. (Page 57, Conceptual)
9.dRationale:White homicide rates in the United States are highest in the South and some western regions where cultures were historically based on herding rather than agriculture. (Page 60, Factual)
10.bRationale:Rogers feels that parents can correct a child without withdrawing love from the child by drawing attention to rules and pointing out that behavior, not the child, is what is bad. (Page 63, Conceptual)
Chapter 2 – Theories of Personality
Multiple Choice Questions
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Learning Objectives
2.1Freud’s theory of the structure and development of personality
2.2Carl Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious and how it applies to Harry Potter’s archenemy, Lord Voldemort
2.3The nature of the “objects” in the object-relations approach to personality
2.4Why many psychologists reject most psychodynamic ideas
1.______is defined as a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual throughout life.
a.A trait
b.Personality
c.Reciprocal determinism
d.The ego
Section: Chapter IntroductionPage(s):39–40
Type: FactualDifficulty: EasyAnswer: b
Rationale:This is a definition of personality.
% correct 96 a= 4b= 96c= 0d= 0 r = .21
2.A ______is a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
a.personality
b.trait
c.personality type
d.temperament
Section: Chapter IntroductionPage(s): 39–40
Type: FactualDifficulty: ModerateAnswer: b
Rationale:This is a definition of a trait.
% correct 67 a= 20b= 67c= 13d= 0 r = .26
3.After twelve years of attending the same schools, Holly and Amy chose to attend colleges in different states.Holly remembered Amy as a shy but friendly girl who rarely took risks, and so Holly was surprised when her friend sent an e-mail describing the thrill of sky-diving. Holly’s surprise occurred because Amy’s behaviors don’t match the ______that Holly had observed in high school.
a.collective unconscious
b.archetypes
c.personality traits
d.defense mechanisms
Section: Chapter IntroductionPage(s):39–40
Type: AppliedDifficulty: Moderate Answer: c
Rationale:Holly’s personality traits—habitual ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling—seemed to have changed when she was away at school.
4.The first psychodynamic theory of personality was developed by
a.Sigmund Freud.
b.John Watson.
c.Abraham Maslow.
d.Carl Jung.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: FactualDifficulty: EasyAnswer: a
Rationale:Freud developed the first psychodynamic theory.
5.During a job interview, Dr. Sardonicus informs the search committee that she is a psychodynamic theorist.Given this information, the committee concludes that Dr. Sardonicus probably believes that
a.humans are rational decision makers.
b.personality development is smooth and continuous.
c.psychologists need to rely on objective rather than subjective methods.
d.adult personality is formed primarily by experiences in early childhood.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: Applied Difficulty: ModerateAnswer: d
Rationale:The two primary emphases of all psychodynamic theories are the role of the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.
6.Which of the following is NOT an emphasis shared by all psychodynamic theories?
a.an emphasis on unconscious processes within the mind
b.an emphasis on the role of early childhood experiences
c.an emphasis on adult experiences as the cause of ongoing problems
d.an emphasis on unconscious thoughts and feelings from childhood that later form characteristic
habits, conflicts, and often self-defeating behavior
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: FactualDifficulty: ModerateAnswer: c
Rationale:The two primary emphases of all psychodynamic theories are the role of the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.
% correct 67 a= 17b= 13c= 67d= 3 r = .33
7.Theorists within the psychodynamic tradition would agree that
a.psychological theories should only be developed by studying large groups of subjects.
b.the first five years are critical in the development of adult personalities.
c.psychologists need to rely on objective rather than subjective methods.
d.personality development is smooth and continuous.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: ConceptualDifficulty: ModerateAnswer: b
Rationale:The two primary emphases of all psychodynamic theories are the role of the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.
8.Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?
a. the preconscious mind
b. the conscious area
c. suppressions
d. the unconscious
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: FactualDifficulty: EasyAnswer: d
Rationale:Sigmund Freud emphasized unconscious motives and conflicts.
% correct 86 a= 14 b= 0 c= 0 d= 86 r = .26
9. John dreamed that he was in a train that entered a tunnel.If a psychologist believed that the dream expressed John's unconscious sexual desires, the psychologist would likely be a
a. humanist.
b. learning theorist.
c. personologist.
d. psychoanalyst.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: AppliedDifficulty: EasyAnswer: d
Rationale:Psychoanalysis was originally formulated by Sigmund Freud and emphasizes unconsciousmotives and conflicts. Freud believed that the unconscious reveals itself in art, dreams, jokes, apparent accidents, and slips of the tongue.
% correct 97 a= 0 b= 0 c= 3 d= 97 r = .25
10.Which component of personality is present at birth and is the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure?
a.the id
b.the ego
c.the libido
d.the superego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: FactualDifficulty: EasyAnswer: a
Rationale:This is a description of the id.
% correct 79 a= 79 b= 7 c= 3 d= 11 r = .21
11.Which component of personality is a “referee” between the needs of instinct and the demands of society?
a.the id
b.the ego
c.the libido
d.the superego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: FactualDifficulty: EasyAnswer: b
Rationale:This is a description of the ego.
% correct 75 a= 3 b= 75 c= 0 d= 21 r = .43
12.Which component of personality represents morality and parental authority?
a.the id
b.the ego
c.the libido
d.the superego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: FactualDifficulty: EasyAnswer: d
Rationale:This is a description of the superego.
% correct 75 a= 11 b= 14 c= 0 d= 75 r = .69
13.In Freud’s theory, the psychic energy that fuels the sexuality instinct is called
a.the libido.
b.the ego.
c.the superego.
d.the id.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: FactualDifficulty: EasyAnswer: a
Rationale:This is a definition of libido.
14.Winnie is attracted to her best friend’s boyfriend. Despite her friendship, when her friend isn’t around, Winnie tries to steal him away. According to Freud, which part of the personality would be responsible for this behavior?
a.projection
b.the id
c.the ego
d.the superego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: AppliedDifficulty: ModerateAnswer: b
Rationale:The id is the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure.
15.Cecil is sexually attracted to his middle-school English teacher. He doesn’t act on his feelings however, because he realizes that it is unrealistic that his teacher would respond positively to his advances.According to Freud, which part of the personality would be responsible for Cecil’s restraint?
a.denial
b.the id
c.the ego
d.the superego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: AppliedDifficulty: ModerateAnswer: c
Rationale:The ego is a referee between the needs of instinct and the demands of society. It bows to the realities of life, putting a rein on the id’s desire for sex and aggression until a suitable, socially appropriate outlet for them can be found.
16.Latasha sees a cellphone sitting on a park bench. If her superego had a voice, it would probably tell her
a.to take the phone because she really wants it and it will bring her pleasure.
b.that stealing is wrong and she should leave the phone where it is.
c.that if she wants a phone, the logical thing to do is save her money so she can buy one.
d.it’s ok to take the phone because the owner clearly didn’t want it anymore.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: AppliedDifficulty: ModerateAnswer: b
Rationale:The superego, the last system of personality to develop, is the voice of conscience, representing morality and parental authority.
17.According to Freud, the major components of personality do not develop at the same time.The ______is present at birth, then the ______develops, and finally the ______.
a.libido; superego; ego
b.id; ego; superego
c.ego; id; superego
d.superego; libido; ego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: FactualDifficulty: ModerateAnswer: b
Rationale:The id is present at birth, the ego develops during early childhood, and finally the superego develops.
18.Psychoanalysts sometimes describe personality as an iceberg, with the largest part hidden deep below the water. A person in a boat is aware of only a small part of the iceberg sticking out above the water. In this metaphor, which part of the personality would the majority of the ice showing above the water represent?
a.the unconscious
b.the id
c.the ego
d.the libido
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of PersonalityPage(s):40
Type: ConceptualDifficulty:DifficultAnswer:c
Rationale:According to Freud, most of the personality is unconscious. The ego is the largely conscious part of the personality.
19.In psychodynamic theory, an inner voice that says that you did something wrong would be most closely connected with the