UNIT A ~ Chapter 2

Cells to Systems

Name: ______

Period: ______

Chapter 2  Lesson 1

What’s Inside a Cell?

What Are Cells?

  • A ______is the smallest part of your body that carries out the activitiesof life
  • Cells are the basic ______that make up all living things
  • Multicellular organisms have ______cells

Functions of Cells

  • Cells in most living things have the sameneeds for survival as you do.
  • Cells musttake in ______and get rid of ______.
  • Cellsuse materials in food to ______and to ______wounds.
  • Cells sense and respond to ______in theirsurroundings.
  • Cells often communicate andcooperate with other cells.
  • All cells need ______
  • Most cells get energy through ______
  • Cellular respiration is the taking in of ______and ______(ie.sugar), in order to get energy. In this process, carbon dioxide and water are made.
  • Different cells need different amounts of energy for all the things that they do to stay alive, including growing, moving, and dividing to make new cells.

The Parts of Cells

  • A cell is made of a ______,

a ______, and many otherstructures.

Some Parts of Animal Cells

  • All cells have some of the same parts, and many parts have similar jobs.
  • The ______surrounds a cell, holding the parts of the cell together. It allowsneeded materials, such as sugar, water, and oxygen, to enter the cell. It allows certainother materials, such as carbon dioxide and other waste products, to exit.
  • The ______is the part of the cell that contains chromosomes.
  • ______are madeof materials including a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is a chemical shaped like a twisted ladder. Chromosomes carry the instructions for the cell. By tellingevery cell how to do its jobs, chromosomes control how the body grows and changes.
  • Every chromosome has small sections of DNA called ______. Genes are made of DNA.Each gene carries a single unit of information.
  • Almost every cell nucleus in your body contains ______chromosomes
  • ______are the cells power producers.
  • Mitochondria combine oxygen and food to produce energy.
  • ______store and break down material. In plants they may store water.
  • ______all the material of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

Plant Cells

  • Plant cells have all of the same parts seen in the ______cell.
  • Plant cells also have a few parts that animal cells DO NOT have.
  • The ______surrounds the cell membrane. It is stiff and gives plant cells extra support and protection.
  • ______use energy in sunlight to turn ______and carbon ______into oxygen and ______.
  • Plant cells use oxygen and sugar for ______.
  • Chloroplasts give plants their ______color.

The Size of Cells

  • If cells are too ______, they can’t contain all the necessary parts.
  • If they’re too ______, oxygen and other materials wouldn’t be able to reach all the parts of the cell quickly enough to keep it alive.

Animal Cell Plant Cell

6 Life Processes

  1. Get Engergy
  2. Use ______
  3. Get Rid of Waste
  4. ______
  5. Growth
  6. Respond/React to Change

Chapter 2  Lesson 2

How Do Cells Work Together?

Types of Cells and Their Work

  • Different cellshave different shapes and differentpurposes,
  • Your body has about 200 different kinds of cells
  • A cell’sshape is often specialized to fit its job

1. Branching Cells

  • A nerve cell’s ______structure canconnect several parts ofthe body at once.
  • The shape of nerve cellsmakes them great forcommunicating signalsbetween the ______andthe rest of the body.
  • Theirgreat length helps thesesignals reach the brain ______.

2. Flat Cells

  • Flat cells, such as ______cells, often join or overlapto cover a surface.
  • Your skin is built of many layers of flat cells, making it both ______and ______.
  • Flat cells are found lining many different partsof the body such as the surfaces ofthe ______and the ______.

3. Round Cells

  • Red blood cells arerounded ______with twobig dimples.
  • Their jobis to carry ______to allyour cells.
  • The smoothshape of red blood cellshelps these cells move ______through blood ______.

Special Cell Structures

  • Cells with different kinds ______structures do different jobs inside thebody. Sound waves cause many partsof your ear to vibrate. This causeshair-like structures on cells in yourinner ear to bend. The bending resultsin nerve signals being sent to the brain.
  • ______cells have long fibers made of protein.The fibers are like threads that move to makethe whole cell shorter. Many cells work together in bundles, makingthe muscles strong.
  • In the airways of the lungs,cells have waving hair-likestructures called ______. Theysweep dirt and germs out ofthe airways.

Cells Form Tissues

  • A ______is a group of the same kindof cells working together doing the same job.
  • Muscle cells grouped in bundles makeup muscle______.
  • Bone ______grouped together make up bone tissue.
  • Groups of nervecells together make up nerve ______.

Tissues Form Organs

  • Tissues join with other types of tissues to form organs.
  • An ______is a grouping of different tissues combined together into one structure.
  • Examples of body organs: heart, eyes, ears, and stomach
  • The largest organ you have is your skin
  • Many animals have tissues and organs similar to yours.
  • Plant organs include stems, roots, leaves, and flowers.

Hair Follicle

  • Hair is a tissue in the organ called ______.
  • Hair acts as a cushion to ______yourskin and also holds warm air next to yourbody.
  • Hair forms in cells at the bottom ofhair ______. As new cells are forming,older ones are pushed outward. By thetime you see a hair growing out of theskin, it is ______tissue.

Sweat gland pore

  • Sweat glands are ______in yourskin.
  • Sweat leaves the glandthrough ______.
  • When sweat evaporates from theskin, it carries heat away from the body.
  • Sweat also can carry some______products from cells.

Skin Cell Tissue

  • Skin cells form in many ______.
  • When new cells form in the bottom layers, they push the othercells outward and away from any ______supply.
  • By the time they are pushedto the outside surface, the cells are ______. It takes about one ______for skincells to get pushed to the surface.

Other Tissues in the Skin

  • Your skin is more than just layers of flat skin cells.
  • Skin tissue ______the inside of your body, keeps out ______, and prevents too much______from leaving the body.
  • Nerve tissue helps you sense touch, pressure, and ______.
  • Blood vessels carry food and ______to cells.
  • Oil ______keep the skin soft.
  • When you feel cold, muscle tissue pulls the hair upright, causing ______.
  • Upright hairs help you staywarmer by trapping warm air next to the skin.

Chapter 2  Lesson 3

How Do Organs Work Together?

Organ Systems

Cells Form

Tissue

Tissue Forms

Organs

Organs Form

Organ Systems

  • An ______is a group oforgans and tissues that work together tocarry out a life process.
  • For example, themouth, stomach, intestines, and otherorgans work together to digest food.

Bones Form a System

  • Each of your bones is an______. About 200 bones make up the skeletalsystem.It provides the body witha strong support system.
  • Another job of the skeletal system isto ______internal organs.
  • Between the bone cells is a hard material that has lots of ______. This material makes bones hard.
  • Other parts of the body, like muscles, also use calcium from blood to do their work.
  • Bones store calcium until the level of calcium in the blood is low.

Muscles Work as a System

  • Muscles are organs that work together to ______your body.
  • You have about 640muscles that you control.
  • Long, thin muscle cells work in bundles for ______strength (ex. making a fist and smiling).

Bones and Muscles Work Together

  • One of the biggest jobs of your muscle and skeletal systems is to worktogether to move your body.
  • Many muscles work in pairs to move bones.
  • Muscles only ______on bones. They never ______. This is why two or more muscles must work together to move each bone in opposite directions.

Nerves and Muscles

  • Many organ systems work together to make a complex organism.
  • For example, your ______system controls how your muscles move your ______.
  • Nerves carry electrical signals fromyour brain and ______cord to your muscles.
  • Without ______you would never move a muscle.

Other Systems Work Together

  • Organ systems often work so closely together that some organs are in two organ systems. Forexample, muscles are not just connected to bones.
  • Some of the strongest muscles in yourbody make up your ______.
  • Muscles also squeeze food through the ______system.
  • Your skeletal system is very important to the ______system.
  • The red and white blood cellsin your body are made in bone ______. Bone marrow is a soft material that fills cavities andspongy bone tissue inside some ______.

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