Chapter 2 – Exam style questions
Q1.
Bk Ch2 Exam MQ1
Which of the following three structures are visible with the light microscope?
Anucleus, chloroplast, Golgi apparatus
Bnucleus, vacuole, chloroplast
Cmitochondrion, vacuole, microtubule
Dcentriole, ribosome, chloroplast
A1.
Bk Ch2 Exam MA1
B. Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, microtubules, centrioles and ribosomes are not visible using a light microscope.
Q2.
Bk Ch2 Exam MQ2
What is the function of the organelle shown?
Aphotosynthesis
Bto act as the site of protein synthesis
Cto package cellular secretions
Drespiration
A2.
Bk Ch2 Exam MA2
C. The diagram represents a Golgi apparatus. Its role is to package cellular secretions.
Q3.
Bk Ch2 Exam MQ3
Which of the following compounds are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only?
Acarbohydrates and lipids
Blipids and enzymes
Ccarbohydrates and nucleic acids
Dproteins and glucose
A3.
Bk Ch2 Exam MA3
A. Enzymes are made from protein so include nitrogen in their composition as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; nucleic acids also contain nitrogen and phosphorus.
Q4.
Bk Ch2 Exam MQ4
Which statement best describes what happens during the process of osmosis in cells?
Aenergy is expended
Bsubstances such as salts move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Cwater moves across the differentially permeable membrane from the more dilute solution to the more concentrated one
Dcarrier proteins are involved in the transport of substances across the cell membrane
A4.
Bk Ch2 Exam MA4
C. No energy is expended during osmosis and no carrier molecules are involved; only water is moved across selectively permeable membranes during the process.
Q5.
Bk Ch2 Exam MQ5
What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as a cell grows?
AIt increases.
BIt decreases.
CIt remains the same.
DIt disappears.
A5.
Bk Ch2 Exam MA5
B. When cells grow they usually retain their shape and increase in volume, which results in a decrease in the surface area to volume ratio.
Q6.
Bk Ch2 Exam MQ6
Which of the animals have both lungs and blood vessels?
Afish and insects
Bfish and frogs
Cinsects and humans
Dfrogs and humans
A6.
Bk Ch2 Exam MA6
D. Both frogs and humans breathe air so they both have lungs. The both also have closed circulatory systems so they have blood vessels.
Q7.
Bk Ch2 Exam MQ7
Identify the function of xylem tissue in a plant stem.
Ato transport water and mineral ions up and down the stem
Bto transport organic substances up and down the stem
Cto transport water and mineral ions upwards to the leaves
Dto transport organic substances downwards to the roots
A7.
Bk Ch2 Exam MA7
C. Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the soil to leaves of plants.
Q8.
Bk Ch2 Exam MQ8
A large surface area, thin walls and a good blood supply allow the rapid and efficient transfer of materials to meet the body’s needs. Which two areas in a mammalian body have this structure?
Aheart and lungs
Bsmall intestine and kidney nephrons
Cskin surface and capillary network
Dlungs and small intestine
A8.
Bk Ch2 Exam MA8
D. The features listed are not characteristic of the heart, kidney nephrons or skin surfaces.
Q9.
Bk Ch2 Exam MQ9
Which statement best describes closed circulatory systems?
AThey are found in large, active animals such as mammals and birds.
BThey allow blood to leave the blood vessels and bathe the body cells directly.
CThey transport digested nutrients and waste materials, but not respiratory gases.
DThey use less energy than open circulatory systems.
A9.
Bk Ch2 Exam MA9
A. Closed circulatory systems typically occur in large animals. In closed circulatory systems blood does not leave the vessels. In mammals and birds the circulatory system transports respiratory gases as well as digested nutrients and waste materials. Closed circulatory systems require more energy than open systems.
Q10.
Bk Ch2 Exam MQ10
Which statement best describes the process of mitosis?
AIt occurs in the maintenance of permanent cells.
BItresults in variation in the cells of the next generation.
CIt is important in growth, repair and reproduction in multicellular organisms.
DIt is the key activity of the nucleus during interphase in the cell cycle.
A10.
Bk Ch2 Exam MA10
C. Permanent cells do not undergo mitosis. Mitosis results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Mitosis and interphase are different parts of the cell cycle.
Chapter 2 – Short answer questions
Q1.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ1
aState the cell theory.
bUse an example to describe how technological advances have supported the cell theory.
A1.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA1
aThe cell theory states that cells are the smallest units of life, that all living things are made up of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
bThe development of the light microscope allowed scientists to actually observe cells. Observation of tissue from a wide range of plant and animal material supports the theory that all living things are made up of cells.
Q2.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ2
aName the major groups of organic substances found in cells.
bDescribe the role of each of these organic substances in cells.
A2.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA2
aCarbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
bCarbohydrates are an important source of energy for cells. They also have a structural role, for example in the cellulose cell wall of plant cells. Lipids constitute an important energy reserve but also have structural significance, being a component of cell membranes. Proteins are also found as a structural component of cell membranes; they are also needed for growth and repair of damaged tissue. Nucleic acids are found in the nucleus of cells and are important in determining inherited characteristics of organisms and have an important role in the synthesis of proteins.
Q3.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ3
Starch is an example of an organic molecule found in plant cells. It turns purple-black in the presence of iodine. Outline a simple experiment using cellulose tubing, water, starch and iodine to demonstrate that starch molecules are too large to pass across a selectively permeable membrane.
A3.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA3
Fill a piece of cellulose tubing with starch solution. Tie both ends of the tubing tightly to ensure no leakage. Use a retort stand and string to suspend the tubing in a beaker of water so that about half of the cellulose tubing is immersed in the water. Use a dropper to add 10 drops of iodine to the water in the beaker. Leave the apparatus set up for a couple of hours. The water in the beaker will appear slightly yellow due to the iodine. Some iodine will diffuse into the cellulose tubing and react with the starch, turning a purple-black colour. The colour of the solution in the beaker remains yellow, indicating that no starch has moved across the selectively permeable membrane of the cellulose tubing.
Q4.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ4
Consider the following diagram of specialised plant cell.
root hair cell
aIdentify the function of this cell.
bDescribe the structural adaptation of this cell and explain how the feature helps the cell to undertake its function.
A4.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA4
aRoot hair cell: absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil.
bIt is an extension of the cytoplasm.
This feature increases the surface area of the cell, thereby increasing the capacity of the cell to absorb nutrients, water and mineral ions.
Q5.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ5
The outline diagrams shown are taken from an electronmicrograph of a plant cell and an animal cell.
aIdentify structures M, N, O, P, Q.
bOutline the role of each of these structures.
cWhich cell represents the animal cell and which represents the plant cell? Give three reasons why you think so.
A5.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA5
aM: nucleus; N: cell membrane; O: cytoplasm; P: cell wall; Q: vacuole.
bThe nucleus controls all cell activities. The cell membrane contains the cytoplasm and regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell. The cytoplasm is the cell fluid that forms a reservoir for the cell’s organelles; most of the cell activities occur here. The cell wall provides protection, rigidity and support for plant cells. The vacuole stores water and other substances.
cThe cell on the left is the plant cell; the right cell is an animal cell. Plant cells are characterised by the presence of a thick, cellulose cell wall and a very large vacuole, which are not features of animal cells. This plant cell is photosynthetic, evidenced by the presence of chloroplasts.
Q6.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ6
The following diagram shows what happens to a plant cell when immersed in a salt solution that is of a different concentration to the cell cytoplasm.
aIs the solution in which the cell has been placed more or less concentrated than the cell cytoplasm? Give reasons for your answer.
bName the structure labelled Q.
cName the process that has occurred?
diWhen a red blood cell is placed in distilled water it will eventually burst. Explain why this is so.
iiWhen a plant cell is placed in distilled water it will not burst. Why not?
A6.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA6
aOverall movement of water has been out of the cell and the cell membrane has shrunk, indicating that the surrounding solution is more concentrated than that inside the cell.
bCytoplasm
cOsmosis
diThe cytoplasm of the red blood cell is more concentrated than the surrounding distilled water, therefore water will move across the cell membrane into the red blood cell by osmosis. The cell will continue to take up water, stretching the cell membrane until it finally bursts.
iiWhen a plant cell is placed in distilled water it will also take up water by osmosis; however, the cell wall is a physical barrier that continues to hold the cell together, preventing the cell membrane from bursting.
Q7.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ7
The following graph shows the rate of photosynthesis in a sunflower leaf exposed to two different oxygen concentrations in an environment of increasing carbon dioxide concentration. The level of light intensity remained constant throughout the experiment.
aWrite out the balanced chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis.
bWhat happened to the rate of photosynthesis with increasing carbon dioxide concentration? Account for this observation.
cCompare the rate of photosynthesis at the two different oxygen concentrations.
dIt has been observed that oxygen and carbon dioxide compete for the active site of an enzyme involved in photosynthesis. Use this information to account for the graphs at the two different oxygen concentrations.
A7.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA7
a6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
bAs the concentration of carbon dioxide increases the rate of photosynthesis is also increased. Carbon dioxide is a raw material and a limiting factor for photosynthesis; the more carbon dioxide that is available the greater the expected rate of photosynthesis.
cThe rate of photosynthesis is higher for the plant exposed to the 10% oxygen concentration compared to the plant exposed to 30% oxygen concentration.
dThe plant exposed to 30% oxygen concentration has more oxygen molecules competing for the same active site on the enzyme as the available carbon dioxide. More of the enzymes will be carrying oxygen instead of carbon dioxide than for the plant exposed to only 10% oxygen. When this happens some of the enzymes are prevented from being involved in photosynthesis, reducing the rate of photosynthesis.
Q8.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ8
Study the simplified diagrams comparing the digestive systems of dogs and koalas.
Account for the differences observed between the digestive systems of these two mammals. Your explanation should include a discussion of diet and the roles of the parts of the digestive system.
A8.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA8
The structural differences between the two digestive systems are related to the diet of the two organisms.
The koala has a diet exclusively of eucalypt leaves, largely composed of cellulose, which is a complex molecule requiring a complex digestive system to break it down. The caecum of the koala is enlarged and houses a large population of bacteria that ferments the cellulose, eventually reducing it to simple sugars that can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream at the small intestine. (Note that only a small percentage of the cellulose is successfully digested; most of it is removed from the body in the faeces.)
The dog digestive system is simpler, with no enlarged caecum, the cellulose of plant material making no contribution to the absorbed nutrients in the diet. Dogs are mostly carnivorous Protein digestion begins in the stomach by the action of proteases; lipid digestion begins in the duodenum after emulsification by bile salts; and digestion is completed in the duodenum by a range of digestive enzymes secreted from the pancreas.
Much of the remaining structure and function of the digestive systems of the two organisms are similar, with mechanical digestion occurring by the action of the teeth in the mouth and absorption of digested materials taking place in the small intestine. In the large intestine water is absorbed and any undigested materials are stored until eliminated in the faeces.
Q9.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ9
aName and describe the organs of gas exchange in
iinsects
iifish
iiifrogs
ivmammals.
bThe respiratory surfaces of animals must have particular features that allow efficient gas exchange. Complete the chart which relates the structure of respiratory surfaces to the function of gas exchange.
Feature / FunctionLarge surface area
Thin, moist walls
Rich supply of blood
A9.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA9
aiInsects: A system of tracheae or small branching tubes carry air throughout the tissues of the body, bringing oxygen directly to all body cells; air enters these tracheae at pores called spiracles at the surface of the insect’s body.
iiFish: Gas exchange occurs at the gills which are characterised by a series of gill arches that has many finger-like filaments and flat, leaf-like lamellae. As water flows over the gills oxygen diffuses into the capillaries of the gills and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
iiiFrogs: Gas exchange occurs at the skin and lungs. The skin is thin and moist with a plentiful supply of capillaries. The lungs are simple structures with a relatively small surface area.
ivMammals: The lungs are composed of many tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs. A series of branching tubes carries air from outside the body into the lungs, with the finest tubules ending at an alveolus.
b
Feature / FunctionLarge surface area / Maximises the surface over which gas exchange can occur, therefore maximum gas exchange
Thin, moist walls / Gases move over the minimum distance to enter or leave capillaries; moist walls facilitate the diffusion of gases
Rich supply of blood / A maximum amount of carrier material is available to transport gases
Q10.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ10
aOutline the pathway taken by water as it enters a plant at the roots, moves through the stem and is removed at the leaves. In your answer, name the process and tissues involved.
bCacti are plants adapted to conditions of high temperatures and low water availability. Stomates are often sunken into pits on stems and leaves and remain closed during the hottest part of the day. The stomates are the site of gas exchange in plants. When stomates are open water can be lost to the atmosphere through evaporation.
iOutline the role of stomates in relation to gas exchange and water movement in plants.
iiExplain the role of stomates in water conservation for desert-adapted plants such as cacti during the hottest part of the day.
iiiHow would you expect this response to affect the rate of photosynthesis and plant growth? Explain your answer.
A10.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA10
aWater is absorbed by plants in osmosis at their roots. The site of absorption is the root hair cells and water passes into the xylem tissue of the vascular bundles. The xylem transports water upwards through the stem of the plant and into the leaves. At the leaves water moves from the xylem into the leaf cells. Some water evaporates from cell surfaces into the intercellular spaces of the leaf and diffuses out of the leaf through the stomates. The process of upward water movement through the plant and then evaporation from the leaf surface at the stomates is called the transpiration stream.
biWhen stomates are open, gases can diffuse into and out of the leaf according to the concentration gradients of the gases. Carbon dioxide can diffuse into the leaf and becomes available for the process of photosynthesis. Oxygen needed for cellular respiration also enters the leaf through the stomates. Water vapour that has evaporated from the surfaces of cells within the leaf moves about the intercellular spaces and eventually diffuses out of the leaf through the stomates.
iiDuring the hottest part of the day desert-adapted plants such a cacti have their stomates closed to reduce water loss.
iiiThe closure of stomates during the hottest part of the day also reduces the availability of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, so the rate of photosynthesis is reduced. With less carbohydrate being manufactured by plants in photosynthesis, growth can be expected to slow.
Q11.
Bk Ch2 Exam SQ11
aMitosis is a division of the nucleus of a cell. Explain the significance of this process for cells.
bStudy the following cell from a multicellular organism, which is undergoing mitosis.
iIdentify the phase of mitosis.
iiDoes the cell represent a plant or animal cell? Give two reasons for your answer.
cDefine ‘cytokinesis’ . Explain its importance in the process of cell division.
A11.
Bk Ch2 Exam SA11
aMitosis is the process of cell division that produces new cells that are identical to the original cell.
biMetaphase
iiAnimal cell. Centrioles are not present in plant cells and the spindle fibres in plant cells attach to the cell wall.
cCytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm. It is important because it divides the cell into two separate cells.
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