Chapter 2: Europe
Europe … before you start!
1.
(a) 50
(b) 6th
(c) 10%
(d) Spain
(e) 27
2.
(a) STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS.
(b) STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS.
3.
Ancient Greek, Roman and Ottoman Empires.
4.
Figure 1: Tromso, Norway / Figure 2: Wormer,Netherlands
Latitude (atlas) / 69o 25’N, 19o 10’E / Amsterdam = 52o 21’ N, 4o 55’ E
Wormer is 13 km to the NW
Climate / Polar/tundra = snow / Temperate maritime
On the coast or inland? / coast / inland
Relief / High, steep-sided mountains / Flat lowland plain
Natural vegetation / Coniferous trees / Grassland/deciduous trees
Land use / Port, settlement (town) / Pasture, small settlement (town)
Industry / Fishing, logging / farming
Other / STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS
5.
(a) densely populated : many people in one area/crowded.
(b) urban: a built-up area, e.g. town or city. The opposite of rural.
(c) migration: the movement from one place to another.
6.
(i) The European Union began in the 1950s with just 6 members. Today it has 27.
(ii) The EU is not just a trade bloc, it has a major influence in both Europe and the world.
7.
(i) The Netherlands has developed as a major trading nation.
(ii) Italy is an important tourist destination in the EU.
(iii) The Netherlands is often called the gateway to Europe.
(iv) Poland has a long history as a country whose borders have changed frequently.
8.
(a) The Colosseum, Rome.
(b) Answers may include: winter sports; historic and cultural attractions, e.g. Roman buildings/ruins; Vatican City; canals of Venice; Mediterranean coast; volcanoes – Etna, Stromboli, Vesuvius etc. Many others – look for different types rather than individual sites.
9.
Open borders = travel and work across the EU.
2.1 Landscape and climate, pages 42–43
1.
(a) It is a supercontinent – a large landmass formed by Asia and Europe together.
(b) 20%.
2.
It is surrounded by water on three sides, by the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, and joined to the Asian/Eurasian landmass on fourth side.
3.
(a) The height and shape of the land, plus drainage (main seas, oceans , rivers and lakes).
(b)
Selected Europeanmountain ranges / Location
Pyrenees / north east Spain; south west France
Alps / north Italy; south east France; Switzerland; Austria
Balkan Mountains / Serbia; Bulgaria
Carpathian Mountains / Hungary; Slovakia; Romania
Ural Mountains / Russia
4.
STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS.
5.
Warm summers, hot dry summers for beach holidays; cold, snowy winters for winter holidays/sports.
6.
They are a high mountain range, mainly 2000–4000 metres high, cold enough for almost permanent winter snow at this latitude.
7.
(a) Coastal areas are warmer than inland (differential heating). Answer might mention Gulf Stream (though mentioned later).
(b) The temperature range increases: hotter and drier in summer, often very cold in winter.
2.2 Countries and people, pages 44–45
1.
(a)
(b) Although it is the second smallest continent by land area, it has the second largest share of the
world’s population (10.6%) and is the second most densely populated continent.
2.
(a) explorer: someone who searches for and investigates unknown places.
colonise: settling in another area – establishing a presence; separated from the home country but ruled by it.
trade: buying and selling.
industrialise: the development of industry on a large scale – often moving from primary industry to secondary industry.
(b) People were leaving the countryside (rural areas) to work in factories in urban areas.
3.
Places (countries, towns, cities) and boundaries/borders.
4.
Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
5.
Areas with only a small number of people living there are sparsely populated. These are places which are mountainous or remote.
Areas with high numbers of people are densely populated. These are usually urban areas like towns and cities.
6.
(i) A large continuous built up area where 2 or more urban areas/cities merge together.
(ii) Answers may include: A conurbation covering Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague. Home to over 7 million people, with a density of 1500 km2.
7.
(i) sparsely populated, e.g. Norway, Sweden, northern Scotland.
(ii) densely populated, e.g. southern UK, Netherlands, Latvia.
8.
STUDENT CHOICE of location names and data – but need to make the link with climate and relief.
9.
STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS but may include:
• birth rate – beginning to fall in many countries (less workers).
• ageing population – pressure on resources for elderly populations/pensions/health care.
• shortage of workers – less people of working age to support children/elderly (taxes).
• migration – increased migration to fill jobs.
2.3 Changing borders, pages 46–47
1.
• The Treaty of Maastrict creates the new European Union (EU) 1993
• The Berlin Wall, separating East and West Germany, was taken down 1989
• The period of the Cold War 1950–1991
• Fighting begins as Yugoslavia is split into several nations 1991
• The period of the Second World War 1939–1945
• The Great Depression began 1929
• The period of the First World War 1914–1918
2.
(a) Main changes include:
• More (usually smaller) countries.
• Empires like the Ottoman and Austria-Hungary broken up.
• Majority of countries belong to two opposing alliances – NATO (west) and Warsaw Pact (east).
NB Good answers will give named examples.
(b) Main reasons:
• The outcome of World War I and World War II.
• Changing political alliances.
• The formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
NB Good answers will give named examples.
3.
This question is incorrectly posed in the Student’s Book. The question was intending to ask for a comparison between 1900 and the present.
The answer to the intended question could include:
Similarities:
The following countries (and borders) are the same
• Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, UK/GB and N Ireland/Ireland; Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy
Differences:
• Many more countries
• Austria-Hungarian and Ottoman Empire have split up
• Germany split into Germany and Poland
• Greece is larger
New independent countries include:
• Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Turkey, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Moldovia.
4.
NATO countries (the ‘West’) / Warsaw Pact countries (the ‘East’)USA / Portugal / USSR
Canada / Greece / Poland
UK / Turkey / East Germany
Iceland / Denmark / Czechoslovakia
Netherlands / France / Hungary
Belgium / Italy / Romania
Luxembourg / West Germany / Bulgaria
EXTENSION WORK
STUDENT CHOICE/RESEARCH/OPEN ANSWERS.
2.4 Moving places, pages 48–49
1.
(a) Moving from one place to another, e.g. from one country to another.
(b) Between 40 000–45 000.
2.
Match the type of migration with the descriptions below:
• Moving from one country to another: international
• Migrating for a short time then returning home: temporary
• People who choose to move from one place to another: voluntary
• Moving from one area within a country to another in the same country: internal
• People who have to migrate, e.g. because of war or a natural disaster: forced
• Migrating from your home area but not returning: permanent
3.
(a) Many of these jobs are temporary and low paid – and often local people do not want them.
(b) They are only available for certain parts of the year, e.g. work in cafes etc. in summer in tourist resorts; harvesting crops when ripe.
4.
(a) The large scale movement and scattering of people away from their homeland.
(i) The Jews fleeing Russia and Germany during and after World War II.
(ii) The movement of people from the former Yugoslavia across Europe and further afield.
5.
(a)
Destinations of migrants from the break-up of Yugoslavia across the EU
(b) 20%; one fifth or 1 in 5.
6.
(a) Many reasons including:
• For work.
• To have a better quality of life, especially for their children.
• To escape war or persecution.
• To join family members who have already migrated.
• In response to advertising campaigns by countries for particular industries/skills.
(b) Workers from other countries who respond to requests from host countries to fill jobs, e.g. Germany introduced a guest worker scheme to fill skills shortages, attracting many migrant workers from Turkey. Such workers often have limited rights in the host country, and may be on temporary contracts.
7.
STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS.
2.5 The Beginning, pages 50–51
1.
(i) Following World War II when European countries were on opposing sides, peace and cooperation were essential.
(ii) The ability to work together was needed for Europe to recover and rebuild.
2.
(i) France and the FDR (West Germany).
(ii) Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and Luxembourg.
(iii) To combine coal and steel production in a common marketplace.
3.
(a) The Treaty of Rome.
(b) The European Economic Community (EEC).
(c) One of the original purposes was to trade together in what was literally a common marketplace.
4.
The UK, Ireland and Denmark.
5.
(i) Removed police and customs checks at borders between most EEC countries.
(ii) Strengthened external (non-EU) border controls.
(iii) Increased cooperation between different police forces.
6.
(i) In Poland, the Solidarity movement called a series of strikes, centred around the shipyards. They challenged and eventually defeated the communist government.
(ii) The Berlin Wall was dismantled, leading to the reunification of East and West Germany.
(iii) The Soviet Union (USSR) started to break up, resulting in major changes to the politics of Eastern Europe and the disappearance of the Iron Curtain.
7.
The European Union (EU) was created in 1993 after the Maastrict Treaty was signed.
The Treaty also created a single market
To apply to join the EU, European countries have to:
• be a democracy
• have a market economy
• put EU laws in place.
8.
STUDENT CHOICE of events – good answers will cover a wide range but written concisely.
2.6 Growth of the EU, pages 52–53
1.
(a) The east.
(b) The break-up of the Soviet Union: many east European countries moved from communist control to become democracies with market economies, so could apply for membership.
(c) Iceland, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Turkey.
(d) Switzerland, Norway, Russia, Ukraine, Bosnia, Albania, Moldova, Belarus.
2.
(a) Answers should include some or all of: freedom of movement of people, goods, services and money across EU member countries.
(b) Free movement across the EU and easier trade and travel.
3.
(a) Brazil, India, China and South Africa are known as the BRICS countries. These countries have all seen their economies grow rapidly in recent years. They now compete on the world market with countries in Europe and North America.
(b) BRazil India China and South Africa.
4.
Investment in business; Innovation; Education in new technology.
5.
(a) One currency (system of money) used across all Eurozone members – in this case the euro.
(b) 17.
(c) Easier to deal in just one currency – saves time and costs and is much quicker.
6.
(i) Turkey and the UK.
(ii) Germany and Spain.
7. Population in selected EU countries: 2012 and 2025 (estimate)
8.
STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS.
2.7 How does the EU work?, pages 54–55
1.
(a) Although it is made up from independent, democratic countries, it has delegated certain decision-making processes to EU institutions on behalf of the EU as a whole.
(b)
(i) To alter the work of the EUs institutions as appropriate.
(ii) To adjust to the introduction of new members.
2.
The EuropeanCommission / The European
Council (EP) / The Council of the
European Union
One minister from each member country. / 785 elected members (Figure 4). / President changes every six months.
27 Commissioners. / Members sit in political (not national) groups. / Used to be called the Council of Ministers.
Puts forward new laws. / Meets monthly in Strasbourg. / Committees meet in Brussels, with offices in Luxembourg.
Commissioners serve for 5 years. / Supervises the work of the Commissioners. / Ministers have different numbers of votes
(Figure 5).
Suggests directives and regulations. / Approves laws and the EU budget. / The EU’s main decision-making institution.
President is chosen by its members. / Number of MEPs is proportional to its country’s population. / Mainly meets in Brussels.
Each Commissioner has a specific policy role.
3.
STUDENT CENTRED/CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS.
EXTENSION WORK
STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS.
2.8 Energy and the Environment in the EU,
pages 56–57
1.
Some energy sources, e.g. fossil fuels, produce large quantities of greenhouse gases which are having an impact on our climate. As a result there is a movement towards cleaner energy sources – preferably renewable ones. Students may give a range of specific examples.
2.
Over 80 per cent of the EU’s CO2 emissions come from industry. The biggest producers are the energy industries with 35 per cent. Transport, with 30 per cent, produces almost as much. At home we are responsible for 11 per cent of the total.
3.
• fossil fuels: made from the remains of plants and animals, e.g. oil, coal and natural gas. Give off carbon dioxide when burnt to produce energy. Non-renewable.
• emissions: given off/discharged, e.g. gases, fumes.
• sustainable: resources/something which can be used over and over again or used at a rate at which they can be replaced.
4.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable/finite so will run out (not sustainable). They give off greenhouse gases. Europe imports most of its fossil fuels, so it is dependent upon other countries, e.g. in the Middle East. A good energy mix would include an increasing proportion of renewable sources of energy.
5.
(i) Almost all of the raw material needed – uranium – has to be imported.
(ii) Suppliers control prices and availability.
6.
STUDENT CHOICE.