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Chapter 19 Key Concepts

AP BIG IDEA 3A1, 3B, 3C and SB3d

Viruses

Chapter 19 Guided Reading Notes

Videos associated with Chapter 19 are Bozeman #35 and a series of Kahn academy videos found using the following QR code or website:

Essential Question: What characteristics of living things do viruses have?

Opening: What are the characteristics of living things? What do you know about viruses?

Concept 19.1: A virus consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

  1. How were viruses discovered?
  2. Describe the structure of viruses (genetic material, capsid, envelopes).
  3. What are bacteriophages?

Concept 19.2: Viruses reproduce only in host cells

  1. What is a host range?
  2. How does a virus reproduce, in general terms?
  3. Describe the lytic cycle, in detail.
  4. Describe the lysogenic cycle, in detail.
  5. Describe the reproductive cycle of an RNA virus.
  6. How does the HIV virus reproduce?
  7. What does it mean to be a retrovirus?
  8. How do viruses evolve?

Concept 19.3: Viruses, viroid, and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants

  1. What are vaccines?
  2. What is the difference between epidemic and pandemic?
  3. What are the significance of viroid’s and prions?
  4. What is so alarming about them?

Testing your Knowledge. Self Quiz.

1.2.3.4.5.8.

Closing: Are viruses considered living things? Why or why not?

Biotechnology

Chapter 20 Guided Reading Notes

Concept 20.1: DNA cloning yields multiple copies of a gene or other DNA segment

  1. What is DNA cloning? How is it done and how can it be applied?
  2. How are restriction enzymes used to make recombinant DNA? (include the role of ligase)
  3. Read the research method in figure 20.4. What is the significance of conducting research like this?
  4. What is PCR and why is it important?

Concept 20.2: DNA technology allows us to study the sequence, expression, and function of a gene

  1. What is gel electrophoresis? How is this type of technology utilized?
  2. Compare and contrast northern and southern blotting.
  3. How is RNAi incorporated into gene expression research?

Concept 20.3: Cloning organisms may lead to production of stem cells for research and other applications

  1. What does it mean to clone an organism?
  2. How is cloning done?
  3. What types of cloning are there?
  4. What kinds of organisms have been cloned?
  5. What are some problems associated with cloning?
  6. What are stem cells and why are they important for research?

Concept 20.4: The practical applications of DNA technology affect our lives in many ways

  1. How has technology impacted medicine, in terms of
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Gene therapy
  4. Pharmaceuticals
  5. Transgenic organisms
  6. How has technology impacted agriculture, in terms of
  7. GM-plants
  8. GMOs

Testing your Knowledge. Self Quiz.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.

Genomes and Their Environment

Chapter 21 Guided Reading Notes

Concept 21.1: New approaches have accelerated the pace of genome sequencing

  1. What is the human genome project?
  2. How is a genome sequenced?

Concept 21.2: Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions

  1. What is BLAST?
  2. How are protein-coding genes identified within a DNA sequence?
  3. What is the significance of studying genes at a systems level?

Concept 21.3: Genomes vary in size, number of genes and gene density

  1. What have scientists learned about the differences of genomes, gene density and noncoding DNA?

Concept 21.4: Multicellular eukaryotes have much noncoding DNA and many multigene families

  1. What are transposable elements?
  2. What are transposons? What is their significance?

Concept 21.5: Duplication, rearrangement and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution

  1. How do duplication, rearrangements and mutations in DNA contribute to the evolution of a genome?
  2. Duplication
  3. Rearrangement

Concept 21.6: Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development

  1. How has comparing genomes of different species changed or confirmed evolutionary relationships?
  2. What are the significance of homebox genes and hox genes in terms of evolutionary relationships?
  3. How are plants and animals compared/related to one another in terms of common ancestors and evolutionary history?

Testing your Knowledge. Self Quiz.

1.2.3.4.5.6.