Chapter 18- Section 1 and 2 key terms

  1. Reformation- A religious movement in 1500’s to reform Catholic Church.

2. Martin Luther- German monk who became important leader of Reformation. Wrote 95 Thesis, or list of arguments, against church abuses resulting in his excommunication.

  1. Indulgences- Pardons for sins. Catholic Church guaranteed indulgences, entry into heaven, if contributing certain sums of money.
  1. 95 Thesis- Thelist of arguments against the Catholic Church written and posted by Martin Luther.
  1. Diet at Worms- An assembly in the city ofWormsGermany that put Luther on trial for attacking the church.
  1. Protestants- People who protested against the authority of the Catholic Church.
  1. John Calvin- A French priest who became a leading Protestant and authority on Protestant thought. He taught predestination and set up a theocracy in Switzerland.
  1. Predestination- The idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation.
  1. Theocracy- A government ruled by religious leaders.
  1. William Tyndale- Printed an English version of the New Testament of the Bible bringing the Reformation to England. He was tried by the Catholic Church and burned at the stake.
  1. Counter- Reformation- Movement to strengthen the teachings and structure of the Catholic Church.
  1. Jesuits- One of the most influential of the new religious orders founded by Ignatius Loyola.
  1. Council of Trent- A series of meetings called by Pope Paul III to revive the moral authority of the Catholic church and to stop Protestantism.

Chapter 18 – Section 3 and 4 key terms

1. Henry VIII- King of England who criticized Luther’s ideas, but later broke from the Catholic Church (due to an annulment) and formed the Church of England.

  1. Act of Supremacy- Parliament passed act that made the king of England the leader of the Church of England.

3. Peace of Augsburg- The treaty signed by German rulers that allowed each prince to decide which religion would be followed.

  1. Huguenots- French Protestants who were part of the “St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre”.
  1. Edict of Nantes- An official public order made by King Henry IV that made the Catholic Church the official church of France.
  1. Phillip II- The Catholic ruler of Spain who financed troops to fight in Europe against Protestants.
  1. Thirty Years’ War- A war fought in 1618 between the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and Protestant rebels in Prague.
  1. Peace of Westphalia- Ended 30 year war in 1648 and allowed people to privately practice their own religion even if different from their king.
  1. Secular ruler- A worldly leader with no official connection to a church.
  1. Absolute monarchy- A ruler who has complete power over the government and its subjects including making new laws and taxes, and appointing judges and officials.
  1. Divine right of kings- A theory which states that a king’s right to rule comes directly from God.
  1. Louis XIV (14th)- France’s king who ruled from 1643 to 1715 and exerted his power in almost every area of French life.
  1. The Glorious Revolution- A revolution started by the English Parliament to overthrow the Catholic monarch by replacing the English government with the Protestant Dutch Prince William and the English kings daughter Mary in 1688.
  1. Constitutional Monarchy- A form of government in which a king’s or queen’s power is limited by a constitution.
  1. Federalism- A form of government in which power is shared between local and national levels.

These ideas influenced the Constitution of the U.S.