Chapter 17 (Extra Credit)

Chapter 17 (Extra Credit)

Alexis de Tocqueville

Thomas Paine

The Age of Reason (1794)

Deism

Unitarianism

Second Great Awakening

“camp meetings”

Methodism and Baptism

Peter Cartwright

Charles Grandison Finney

person who openly declared that there was “no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America”

wrote a book that shockingly declared that all churches were “set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit”; promoted Deism

book written by Thomas Paine that shockingly declared that all churches were “set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit”

liberal belief that relied on reason rather than revelation, on science rather than the Bible; rejected the concept of original sin and denied Christ’s divinity; believed in a Supreme Being who had created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior; followed by many Founding Fathers including Jefferson, Franklin, and Paine

belief that God existed in only one person (hence unitarian), and not in the orthodox Trinity; denied the divinity of Jesus; stressed the essential goodness of human nature rather than its vileness; believed in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works; God as a loving father rather than stern Creator; followed by Ralph Waldo Emerson; appealed to intellectuals whose rationalism and optimism naturally made them not support the hellfire doctrines of Calvinism (especially predestination and human depravity)

one of the most momentous episodes in the history of American religion; tidal wave of spiritual fervor that left in its wake countless converted souls, many shattered and reorganized churches, and numerous new sects; began on the southern frontier and rolled into the cities of the Northeast; affected more people than the First Great Awakening; brought support for prison reform, temperance, woman’s rights, and abolitionism

gatherings (with as many as 25,000 people) that spread the Second Great Awakening; would camp for several days and listen to hellfire gospel; people would engage in frenzies of rolling, dancing, barking, and jerking; many soon became sinful again, but these gatherings massively increased church membership and humanitarian reforms

benefited the most from the revivalism; stressed personal conversion contrary to predestination, a democratic control of church affairs, and a rousing emotionalism

best known of the Methodist traveling frontier preachers; ill-educated, strong servant of the Lord who spent 50 years traveling from Tennessee to Illinois while calling upon sinners to repent; converted thousands with his bellowing voice and flailing arms; physically knocked out those who tried to break up his meetings

the greatest revival preacher; trained as a lawyer, stopped drinking and became an evangelist after a deeply moving conversion experience as a young man; held audiences spellbound; tall and athletic; led massive revivals in Rochester and New York City in 1830-31; preached old-time religion and was an innovator; c

devised the “anxious bench” where sinners stood and repented in front of the congregation; encouraged woman to pray aloud in public; promised a perfect

“Burned-Over District”

Milleritesor Adventists

Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians

Joseph Smith

Book of Mormon

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon)

Mormons

Brigham Young

Christian kingdom on earth and condemned alcohol and slavery; served as president of Oberlin College in Ohio which became a center for revivalist activity and abolitionism

name given to western New York where many descendants of New England puritans had settled and where many preachers preached “hellfire and damnation”

movement named after William Miller and which had several hundred thousand followers; rose from the Burned-Over District in the 1830s; interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return to earth on October 22, 1844; gathered in prayerful assemblies to greet Christ and were disappointed; were dampened by this but not destroyed

three religions that split North/South over slavery, first two by 1844-1845, third by 1857; ‘first the churches split, then the political parties split, then the Union split’

a tall, powerful, wrestler from the Burned-Over District who claimed that he received some gold plates from an angel; started the Mormon religion; was murdered and mangled along with his brother by a mob in Carthage, Illinois and the movement seemed near collapse

the text that the gold plates Joseph Smith reportedly received from an angel translated into

the religion that was started by Joseph Smith as a result of his gold plates; almost collapsed when Smith was killed; moved to Utah and made the desert bloom by using irrigation; had their crops of 1848 nearly destroyed by crickets, only to be saved by a flock of gulls;

followers of the Mormon religion who functioned under a religious oligarchy and were under serious opposition from non-Mormon neighbors in Ohio, then Missouri, then Illinois; hated for voting as a unit, drilling their own militia, and supposedly supporting polygamy (Smith reportedly had several wives); a few moved to Utah pulling two-wheeled carts; moved to Utah and became a prosperous theocracy and commonwealth; had followers in Europe, many of which moved to Utah; were threatened in 1857 when a federal army marched against the Mormons, who promised to fight to the death, but were eased after little bloodshed; argued against polygamy laws of 1862 and 1882 and therefore didn’t make Utah a state until 1896

took over the Mormons and saved the movement after Smith’s death; stern compared to charming Smith; only had 11 days of formal schooling; an aggressive leader, eloquent preacher, and gifted administrator; led the Mormons to Utah 1846-1847 to escape oppression; made the Mormon settlement successful; married as many as 27 women and had 56 children; crisis developed when the Washington couldn’t control his hierarchy after he was made territorial governor in 1850

Deseret; Mormon Corridor

little red schoolhouses

Horace Mann

Noah Webster

William H. McGuffey

McGuffey’s Readers

new, small, mostly Southern and Western liberal arts colleges

University of Virginia

higher education for women

Emma Willard; Troy Female Seminary

Oberlin College

Mary Lyon; Mount Holyoke Seminary (later College)

lyceum lecture associations

Ralph Waldo Emerson

name for the areas the Mormons rapidly took over and held after the US acquired the Mexican Cession in 1848; the main area through which the Mormons spread after 1848

where most of the public education took place at this time period; had one room, one stove, one teacher, 8 grades, etc.; stayed open only a few months a year; teachers (mostly men) were ill trained, ill tempered, ill paid, often punished more than taught and often knew not much more than their best students; taught the “three R’s”

a brilliant and idealistic graduate of Brown University; secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education who campaigned for 1.) better and more schoolhouses, 2.) longer school terms, 3.) higher pay for teachers, 4.) expanded curriculum; his ideas spread but many communities still remained uneducated; by 1860 there were as many as 1,000,000 uneducated whites (blacks weren’t aloud to learn to read or write in the south, North didn’t allow blacks in schools)

a Yale-educated Connecticut Yankee; the “Schoolmaster of the Republic” who designed “reading lessons” that educated millions of children and were partly designed to increase patriotism; spent 20 years creating a dictionary, which was published in 1828 and helped standardize English

a teacher-preacher who created grade-school readers first published in the 1830s

what McGuffey’s readers were called (easy); first published in the 1830s; sold 122 million copies the following decades; taught lessons of morality, patriotism, and idealism

(not a term) appeared as a result of the Second Great Awakening; were mostly made to satisfy local pride rather than spread education; like the older higher education schools, they taught 1.) Latin, 2.) Greek, 3.) mathematics, 4.) moral philosophy; were less intellectual and more bored

one of the earliest state-supported universities, founded in 1819; founded by Thomas Jefferson, who designed its architecture and separated it from religion and politics; focused on modern languages and the sciences

higher education for women? what’s that? woman belonged at home at this time although there were some exceptions (see below)

gained respect for higher women education in the 1820s; was founded by this person in 1821

already considered crazy for educating blacks, this school in Ohio began educating women in 1837; (see the section on Finney for more info)

established an outstanding women’s school in South Hadley, Massachusetts; the name of this school

groups, about 3,000 in 1835, through which traveling lecturers spread information; spoke of science, literature (eew), and moral philosophy

a member of a lyceum; a talented talker who journeyed thousands of miles

North American Review

Godey’s Lady’s Book

Sylvester Graham

reforms

treatment of debtors

treatment of criminals

treatment of the insane

Dorothea Dix

American Peace Society

William Ladd

American Temperance Society

T.S. Arthur; Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (1854)

temperance

magazine founded in 1815 that existed for a long time (most magazines didn’t at this time) and was for intellectuals

magazine founded in 1830 that survived until 1898 and 150,000 subscribers (enormous at the time); read by countless millions of women (they shared)

founder of the Graham cracker; emphasized a whole-wheat bread and cracker diet

(not a term) were abundant at this time period; fought for women’s rights, miracle medicines, communal living, polygamy, celibacy, rule by prophets, fad diets, whole-wheat bread and crackers, and guidance by spirits, and against alcohol, tobacco, profanity, transit of mail on Sabbath, and most importantly, slavery

(not a term) as late as 1830s, hundreds of poor people were imprisoned, some for owing a single dollar; the poorer classes were most hurt by this; state legislatures gradually abolished this

(not a term) criminal codes were softened; number of acts deserving capital punishment decreased; types of brutal punishment used was reduced; states started reforming as well as punishing; “reformatories”, “houses of correction”, and “penitentiaries” developed

(not a term) insane people were treated terribly; old concepts concluded that they had unclean spirits; the 1800s idea was that they chose to be the way they are, and should be treated like beasts; many were jailed with sane people

New England teacher-author; physically frail woman afflicted with persistent lung trouble who possessed infinite compassion and willpower and never raised her voice; traveled 60,000 miles in 8 years to establish reports on insanity from her observations; improved jail conditions and helped established that the demented weren’t willfully perverse but mentally ill; had a classic petition in 1843 that she submitted to the Massachusetts legislature that described the bad situation of jails and improved conditions

anti-war society formed in 1828 that declared war on war

man with badly ulcerated legs; had ideas that helped in the international organizations for collective security of the twentieth century that worked with other nations until the Crimean War and Civil War

organization formed at Boston in 1826; (about a thousand local similar groups sprang up within a few year); implored drinkers to sign the temperance pledge and organized children’s clubs known as the “Cold Water Army”; made use of pictures, pamphlets, and lectures

man against alcohol; a book written by this man that described in shocking detail how a once-happy village was ruined by Sam Slade’s Tavern, was only second to Uncle Tom’s Cabin in the 1850s, was successful onstage

(not a term) had two major lines of attack: 1.) increasing the public’s will to resist drinking, convincing people to drink rarely, rather than not at all, 2.) creating a law that would prohibit drinking at all

Neal S. Dow

Maine Law of 1851

women’s role in America

Alexis de Tocqueville (again)

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B. Anthony

Elizabeth Blackwell

Margaret Fuller; The Dial

Sarah and Angelina Grimké

Lucy Stone

Amelia Bloomer

Seneca Falls Convention/Women’s Rights Convention

blue-nosed reformer, mayor of Portland, employer of labor, “Father of Prohibition”; was from Maine and witnessed the effects of alcohol; sponsored a law in Maine that prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol

a statue supported by Dow that went into effect and prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol; was copied by other states that created similar statues; by 1857 about a dozen states had similar laws, all which were repealed or declared unconstitutional after a decade

(not a term) women were subordinate to God and their husbands; could not vote and could be beaten (to a reasonable extent) like black slaves; could not own property after marriage; were better off than European women because women were scarce on American frontiers; unlike colonial times, women now married less, about 10% were unmarried by the Civil War; gender differences were emphasized by the new market economy; women were considered emotionally and physically weak but artistic and refined; they were responsible for teaching children morals and guiding their husbands away from a bad life; women were active in other reform movements, like temperance

French visitor who noted that rape in France was lightly punished whereas in America it was one of the few crimes punishable by death

a Quaker who was angered when she and her fellow female delegates were rejected from a London antislavery convention

a mother of seven who left “obey” out of her marriage ceremony and advocated suffrage for women

grew up as a Quaker; a militant lecturer for woman’s rights who fought so tirelessly for women’s rights that women who fought for their rights were called “Susan Bs”

a pioneer in a previously forbidden profession for women (medicine) who was the first female graduate from a medical college

took part in the struggle to bring unity and republican government to Italy, died in a shipwreck off New York’s Fire Island while returning to the US in 1850; the transcendentalist journal that she edited

two women who fought for antislavery and women’s suffrage

woman who maintained her maiden name after marriage; was extremely important to woman’s suffrage

revolted against the uncomfortable “street sweeping” attire of woman by creating and promoting semi-masculine, short skirts with Trousers, an attire known as “bloomers”

meeting that launched the women’s rights movement in America; where Stanton read her Declaration of Sentiments, which asserted that “all men and women are created equal”; was the first step towards women’s suffrage

Robert Owen

New Harmony, Indiana

Brook Farm, Massachusetts

The Blithedale Romance

Oneida Colony

Shakers

Mother Ann Lee

Thomas Jefferson

Nathaniel Bowditch

Matthew F. Maury

Benjamin Silliman

Louis Agassiz

Asa Gray

John J. Audubon

Birds of America

Audubon Society

a wealthy and idealistic Scottish textile manufacturer who in 1825 founded a communal society of about a thousand people where little harmony prevailed and radicals and scoundrels existed and sank the colony into contradiction and confusion

the unsuccessful community that Owen created where about 1000 people lived

an community started in 1841 by the brotherly and sisterly cooperation of about 20 intellectuals; prospered reasonably until 1846 when a new communal building was lost to fire shortly after completion, collapsing the venture in debt; believed in “plain living and high thinking”; inspired Nathaniel Hawthorne to write a book

book by Nathaniel Hawthorne that was inspired by Brook Farm and whose main character was modeled on Margaret Fuller (see above)

community founded in New York in 1848; practiced free love (“complex marriage”), birth control, and eugenic selection of parents for superior offspring; the leader fled to Canada to escape persecution for adultery; flourished for more than 30 years because its artisans made superior steel traps and Oneida Community (silver) Plate; embraced monogamy and abandoned communism in 1879-1880

among the longest-lived sects; bean in the 1770s to set up the first of a score or so of religious communities; attained about 6,000 members in 1840, but were virtually extinct by 1940 because they prohibited marriage and sexual relations

founder of the Shakers sect

a gifted amateur inventor who won a gold metal for a new type of plow