Chapter 10 – A Changing Nation

Vocabulary –

  1. Henry Clay-congressman from Kentucky (West supporters)
  2. John C. Calhoun-congressman from South Carolina (South supporters)
  3. Daniel Webster-congressman from Massachusetts (Northeast supporters)
  4. Miguel Hidalgo-priest who organized Native American army during Mexico’s

struggle for independence, helped free several Mexican provinces, but in 1811 was captures and executed

  1. Simon Bolivar-called “the liberator” he was a leader in the struggle for

independence of Southern and Central Americas from Spain

  1. James Monroe-5th President of the United States, created the Monroe Doctrine

to protect the freedom of the new nations of Latin America

  1. Monroe Doctrine-statement by Monroe that the US would not allow European

Nations to create American colonies or interfere with the free nations of Latin America

  1. John Quincy Adams-6th President of the US, high ambitions but little accomplished,

Supported Clay’s American System and wanted federal government to play a larger role in the economy, never won the trust of the American people

  1. Andrew Jackson-7th President of the US, served two terms, a self-made man from

Tennessee, who spoke out for ordinary people

  1. Sequoyah-Cherokee leader who created the Cherokee written alphabet,

used to create their constitution, establish government and claim status as a separate nation

  1. Whigs-members of John Quincy Adams’ former National Republican

Party

  1. Democrats-supporters of Andrew Jackson, including frontier farmers and

factory workers

  1. Martin Van Buren-8th US President during the time of the Panic of 1837
  2. William Henry Harrison-Whig, who became the 9th US President, “log cabin” campaign
  3. Nullification Act-act passed by South Carolina that declared the 1832 tariff illegal
  4. Indian Removal Act-law passed in 1830 that forced many Native Americans to move

west of the Mississippi River

  1. Trail of Tears-forced journey of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to a region

west of the Mississippi during which thousands of Cherokees died

  1. Seminole Wars-conflict that began in Florida in 1817 when the Seminoles

resisted removal

  1. charter -official document that gives certain rights to an individual or

group

  1. dumping-selling goods in another country at very low prices
  2. contract-agreement between two or more parties that can be enforced

by law

  1. capitalism-economic system in which people put money, or capital, into a

business or project in order to make a profit later on; economic system I which privately owned businesses compete in a free market

  1. interstate commerce-trade between two or more states
  2. cede-to give up
  3. self-government-rights of the people to rule themselves independently
  4. suffrage-the right to vote
  5. majority-more than half
  6. caucus-private meeting, often a political meeting
  7. nominating convention-meeting at which a political party chooses a candidate
  8. spoils system-practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs
  9. kitchen cabinet-group of “unofficial” advisors to the President Jackson, who met

with them in the White House kitchen

  1. states’ rights-rights of states to limit the power of the federal government
  2. nullification-idea that a state has a right to cancel a federal law that the state

leaders consider to be unconstitutional

  1. depression-period when business activity slows, wages and prices fall and

unemployment rises

  1. mudslinging-use of insults to attack an opponents reputation

Chapter 10 – A Changing Nation (1815-1840)

Section 1 – Building a National Identity

Obj: recognize the role played by sectionalism; explain how Congress helped American industry after the War of 1812; describe Henry Clay’s American System; explain how the Supreme court gave more power to the federal government.

Improved transportation allowed the option of new lands to settlers.

New industries were appearing.

In Congress, a new generation of political leaders sought to direct this expansion.

An Era of Good Feelings:

1816 Election –

  • Republican James Madison
  • Federalist Rufus King
  • Madison wins, showing decline in Federalist popularity
  • He was almost 60 years old
  • Many Federalists joined the Republican party
  • 1820 won a second term
  • By this time Federalist party had disappeared

**Monroe was the last Revolutionary War office to become President

Three Sectional Leaders:

Political views of country had three different sections

  • South- John C. Calhoun- defended slavery and opposed the strengthening of the

federal government

  • West- Henry Clay- the leader of the War Hawks, like Webster, he favored

a more active role for the central government in promoting the country’s growth

  • Northeast- Daniel Webster- opposed slavery and wanted the federal government to

take a larger role in building the nation’s economy

Helping American Business Grow:

US economy faced severe problems –

  • Partly due to lack of a national bank
  • 1816 –
  • Charter of Second Bank of the US passed
  • Charter that had set up First Bank of the US ran out in 1811
  • Bank lent money and restored order to nation’s money supply
  • Bank helped American businesses grow

Foreign competition another problem –

  • Britain had head start in industrialization
  • Could make and sell goods cheaper than Americans
  • British machines and factories already paid for (around longer)
  • Sometimes British manufacturers:
  • Sold cloth in US for less than it cost to make
  • Opted to put American rivals out of business
  • Then planned to raise prices
  • Plan caused dozens of New England businesses to fail

**Tariff of 1816 – passed by Congress, greatly raised tariffs on imports and made those goods more expensive.

Clay’s American System –

  • Dispute over tariffs = sectionalism
  • To promote economic growth, Clay created his American System
  • High tariffs on imports
  • Northern factories would now have money to buy farm products from the South and West
  • Reduce American dependence on foreign goods
  • Urged Congress to use money from tariffs to build roads, bridges, and canals.
  • Better transportation systems would help farmers in West and South to ship goods to city markets
  • His system never fully went into effect
  • Tariffs remained high, little went into internal improvements
  • South disliked plan
  • They used rivers to transport their goods
  • Opposed to paying for roads and canals
  • No direct benefits

The Supreme Court Expands Federal Power –

  • 1819 –
  • Chief Justice – John Marshall
  • Strengthened power of federal government to promote economic growth
  • James McCulloch
  • Cashier of the Second National Bank
  • Refused to pay the tax
  • McCulloch v. Marshall
  • Court ruled that states had no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders.
  • ruling strengthened federal power
  • allowed Bank of the United States to continue
  • helped the economy expand
  • 1824 –
  • Gibbons v. Ogden
  • Ruling that only federal government had the power to regulate interstate commerce
  • Ruling helped the national economy by making it easier to the government to regulate trade

Chapter 10 – A Changing Nation (1815-1840)

Section 2 – Dealing With Other Nations

Obj: to explain how Latin American nations won independence and became Republics; to describe how the US gained Florida from Spain; and, the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine

Like Mexico, who rallied to Father Hidalgos call for freedom, other Spanish colonies were reacting to the call for freedom from Spain.

Early 1800s - most of Latin America fighting for independence

As new nations emerged:

  • President Monroe formed a bold new foreign policy
  • His goal to keep Europeans from using fighting as excuse to create new colonies in the Americas

Revolution in Latin America –

  • most Latin American people had little or no say in government
  • Creoles demanded a role in government
  • Harsh rules kept Indians forever in debt
  • All people of Latin America were eager to be free from Spanish rule
  • Father Hidalgo called for Mexican independence, was captured and executed
  • Father Jose Morelos also captured and executed
  • Slowly, Creoles began to join revolutionary movement
  • 1821 – revolutionary forces led by Creoles won control of Mexico
  • A few years later Mexico became a Republic with its own Constitution
  • South America -
  • The “liberator”, Simon Bolivar
  • 1819 – took Spanish forces by surprise and defeated them
  • Bolivar became president of the independent Republic of Great Colombia
  • Present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama
  • Other nations emerged
  • Argentina, Chile, and Peru
  • 1821 – people of Central America declared independence from Spain
  • Formed the United Provinces of Central America
  • Present-day Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala
  • 1825 – Spain had lost all its colonies in Latin America, except Puerto Rico and Cuba
  • Portuguese colony of Brazil won independence peacefully

The New Republic

  • All Spain’s former colonies modeled their constitutions on that of the US
  • Unlike US colonies, people of Latin America did not unite into a single country
  • So spread out, harder to unite
  • All individual countries

The US Gains Florida

  • Florida lost to Spain, but gained by US
  • Southerners worried because of disturbances across the border
  • Creek and Seminole Indian sometimes raided settlements in Georgia
  • Refuge for many enslaved Africans
  • Seminoles allowed Africans to live near their villages
  • “Black Seminoles” gave Indians a share of the crop they raised
  • They adopted many Indian customs
  • Negro Fort (settlement on the Apalachicola River) contained about 1,000 black Seminoles
  • US eventually invaded Florida and destroyed the fort
  • Adams-Onis Treaty (1821)
  • Set up by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
  • Spain agreed to give Florida to the US in exchange for $5 million

The Monroe Doctrine

  • Americans please of Latin American independence
  • European actions worried Adams and Monroe
  • 1815 – Prussia
  • France, Russia and Austria formed alliance
  • Aimed at crushing any revolution that sprang in up in Europe
  • Ready to help Spain regain its colonies in Latin America
  • Russia claimed lands on the Pacific coast in North America
  • Britain also worried about their trade profits
  • Monroe decides to act independently of Britain
  • 1823 – Monroe declared US would not interfere in the affairs of European nations or existing colonies of European nations.
  • Warned European nations not to attempt to regain control of newly independent nations of Latin America
  • Doctrine stated US would oppose any attempt to build new colonies in the Americas
  • Doctrine’s message show US determination to keep European powers out of the Western Hemisphere
  • US did not have the power to enforce Monroe Doctrine, but Britain supported it and had a strong navy
  • As US became stronger, Doctrine grew in importance
  • On several occasions US successfully challenged European intervention (direct involvement) in Latin America
  • Early 1900s
  • Presidents also used the Doctrine to justify sending troops to Caribbean nations
  • The Monroe Doctrine helped shape US policy for more than 100 years

Chapter 10 – A Changing Nation

Section 3 – The Age of Jackson

Obj: how spirit of equality changed voting rights in the 1820s; why disputes developed over the election of 1824; why John Quincy Adams was an “unpopular” president; how new political parties developed; the qualities that helped Andrew Jackson succeed; why Andrew Jackson fought the Bank of the US; the Spoils System

  • Democracy affected American ideas about social classes
  • 1820s – more people gained suffrage while others still denied
  • US was growing rapidly
  • New states joining the Union
  • Many citizens eager to participate in the elections
  • Limits on Suffrage –
  • Despite growing democracy, many Americans did not have the right to vote
  • Women
  • Native Americans
  • African Americans (a vast majority)
  • Slaves (no political rights at all)
  • New England states permitted African American men to vote same as white men
  • New York – they had to own property, where as white men did not
  • Election of 1824 –
  • Four candidates – each members of the old Republican party
  • John Quincy Adams – strong support in New England
  • Son of Abigail and John Adams (2nd President)
  • Graduated Harvard
  • Served as Secretary of State
  • Helped end the War of 1812
  • Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson – support in the West
  • Clay –
  • Shrewd politician
  • Speaker of the House of Representatives
  • Skillful negotiator
  • Less popular than other West candidate, Andrew Jackson
  • Jackson –
  • Known for military victories in War of 1812
  • Nickname “Old Hickory”
  • Landowner and slave owner
  • Born in a log cabin and parents were poor
  • A man of the people
  • William Crawford – favored in the South (but became ill)
  • The Corrupt Bargain
  • No clear winner in the 1824 election
  • Jackson won popular vote
  • No candidate won a majority of the electoral vote
  • House of Representatives had to choose the President from three candidates
  • Clay was out of the running because he finished last, and urged the House to vote for Adams – he influenced the results
  • Adams became President and named Clay as his Secretary of State
  • Jackson and his backers accuse Adams and Clay of making a “corrupt bargain” and stealing the election.
  • This will cause Jackson and his supporters to seriously hamper Adams’ efforts to unity the nation.
  • The “Unpopular” President
  • The election angered many Americans, Adams’ had a plan for a program of economic growth through internal improvements.
  • Plan backfired
  • Adams thought federal government should promote economic growth
  • Pay for new roads and canals
  • Arts and sciences, building a national university and an observatory
  • Americans feared government would become too powerful and objected to spending money of such programs
  • Congress only approved the money for a national road and some canals
  • 1828 Election –
  • Andrew Jackson was Adam’s only opponent
  • Bitter campaign
  • Jackson supporters brought up corrupt bargaining again
  • Stressed that Adams was a member of the upper class
  • Adams supporters countered mentioning Jackson being a military man would become a dictator if made President
  • Jackson won easily
  • The common people’s president
  • Jacksonian Democracy –
  • Spread of political power to more people
  • He was the first westerner to occupy the White House (represented a shift in political power to the West)
  • 1820s – disappearance of the Federalist Party temporarily ended party differences
  • 1830s – new party began to take shape, growing out of the conflict between Adams and Jackson
  • Adams supporters – National Republicans (Whigs)
  • Jackson supporters – Democrats
  • New Ways to Choose Candidates –
  • In the past – powerful members of each party held a caucus
  • Today – each party holds a nominating convention

Andrew Jackson:

  • born in a log cabin, both parents died before he was 15
  • A self-made man
  • Tough, joined the Patriots during the American Revolution at age 13
  • Studied law
  • Became very wealthy by buying and selling land in Georgia and Alabama
  • Elected to Congress while in his twenties
  • Led American forces in the War of 1812 to major victory over British in the Battle of New Orleans
  • Defeated Creek Indians and forced them to give up land in Georgia and Alabama
  • Quick tempered, dealt with enemies harshly
  • A man of his word and a champion of the common people
  • After taking office, fired many government employees, replacing them with his own supporters
  • Rewarded supporters with Cabinet jobs, although few qualified
  • Only Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren, truly qualified
  • Jackson seldom met with his official Cabinet
  • Relied on a group of unofficial advisers in his White House kitchen
  • They became known as his “kitchen cabinet”
  • Jackson waged war on the Bank of the United States
  • Thought bank was too powerful
  • Although Congress created the Bank, it was run by private bankers
  • President of the Bank, Nicholas Biddle
  • Jackson felt Biddle arrogant and vain and used the Bank to his benefit
  • Two Whig Senators, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, like Biddle, felt the need to defeat Jackson.
  • Bank renewal was up in 1836, Whigs had Biddle apply for renewal early in 1832
  • Jackson, however, vetoed the Bank bill.
  • Declared the Bank unconstitutional
  • Stated that it helped aristocrats at the expense of the common people
  • In the 1832 election, the common people showed their unity and supported Jackson and rejected the Bank of the United States (Henry Clay was his opponent)
  • Without waiting for 1836, Jackson ordered Secretary of Treasury to stop putting government money into the Bank and deposit it into state banks.
  • The loss of federal money crippled the Bank and it closed in 1836.

Chapter 10 – A Changing Nation (1815-1840)

Section 4 – The Indian Removal Act

Obj: to understand why Native Americans were forced off their land

Tragedy for Native Americans –

  • Southeast Tribes –
  • Creek
  • Choctaw
  • Chickasaw
  • Cherokee
  • Seminole
  • Many hoped to live in peace with their white neighbors
  • Fertile land would not allow it
  • Jackson had land set aside beyond the Mississippi River and “persuaded” Indians to move there.
  • Believed this would provide land for whites and protect Native Americans from destruction
  • 1830 – the Indian Removal Act
  • Forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi
  • Desert land
  • 1838 – Cherokees traveled hundreds of miles over a period of several months.
  • Thousands perished during the march, mostly children and the elderly
  • The Trail of Tears
  • In Florida , the Seminoles resisted removal.
  • 1817 – 1818 – first Seminole War
  • 1835 – 1842 – second Seminole War
  • Ending in 1858 – third Seminole War – Seminoles finally defeated
  • Government forced the leaders and most of their people to leave Florida
  • Further North –
  • Native Americans facing pressure from expansion
  • Battle of Bade Axe - many women and children killed
  • Black Hawk surrendered
  • Native American resistance collapsed

Chapter 10 – A Changing Nation (1815-1840)

Section 5 – States’ Rights and the Economy