Chapter 1 What Is Microbiology and Why Does It Matter

CHAPTER1

What is Microbiology and Why Does it Matter?

Microbiology: A Clinical Approach, First Edition

Questions

1-1:

The most common means by which multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is transmitted is ______.

(a)through the use of contaminated needles or syringes

(b)by dispersal of aerosols containing droplets of infectious Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(c)by inhaling spores of the causative agent

(d)by ingesting undercooked ground beef

(e)by individuals who fail to wash their hands after using the lavatory

1-2:

Which of the following is a characteristic of enterohemorrhagic bacteria contracted from ground beef? (Select all that apply.)

(a)It may be the result of ingesting Escherichia coli 0157:H7.

(b)It causes short-lived symptoms of food poisoning and is never life-threatening.

(c)It is associated with bouts of diarrhea and vomiting.

(d)It affects only the gastrointestinal tract of young children and the elderly.

(e)It is not a risk if the ground beef is cooked thoroughly.

1-3:

A disease that is acquired in a clinical setting is known as a(n) _____ infection.

(a)enterohemorrhagic

(b)contagious

(c)multidrug-resistant

(d)nosocomial

(e)acute

1-4:

A(n) _____ is someone who does not become sick when harboring an infectious pathogen but has the potential to transmit the infectious pathogen to others.

(a)carrier

(b)bioterrorist

(c)opportunist

(d)food handler

1-5:

Which of the following explains the dramatic decrease in death rates attributed to infectious disease during the twentieth century?

(a)advances in public health

(b)chlorination of drinking water

(c)use of antibiotics

(d)effective vaccine programs

(e)all of the above

1-6:

The ability to cause disease is associated with the _____ of a pathogen.

(a)peptidoglycan

(b)latency

(c)virulence

(d)innate immune response

(e)natural habitat

1-7:

Microorganisms that normally colonize skin and mucous membranes are referred to as _____.

(a)virulent

(b)nosocomial

(c)pathogenic

(d)flora

(e)transmissible

1-8:

Which of the following is a mismatched pair?

(a)Bacillus anthracis: spores

(b)Escherichia coli: bloody diarrhea

(c)Mycobacterium tuberculosis: undercooked ground beef

(d)avian influenza: pandemic

(e)Yersinia pestis: bubonic plague

1-9:

The study of the factors responsible for the prevalence and transmission of infectious diseases is known as _____.

(a)pathogenesis

(b)epidemiology

(c)host response

(d)virology

1-10:

An example of how a pathogen is transmitted to a new host is by _____.

(a)air

(b)food

(c)water

(d)arthropods

(e)all of the above

1-11:

_____ enable(s) the persistence of a bacterial pathogen in a host. (Select all that apply.)

(a)peptidoglycan

(b)adaptive immune responses

(c)virulence factors

(d)binary fission

(e)toxins

1-12:

Temperature, pain, redness, and swelling are associated with _____.

(a)inflammation

(b)virulence

(c)nosocomial infections

(d)immunological memory

(e)none of the above

1-13:

If an individual’s host defense is not functioning correctly, they are considered to be _____.

(a)a carrier

(b)immunocompromised

(c)multidrug resistant

(d)pathogenic

(e)contagious

1-14:

The outcome of an infection is primarily dependent on _____, which, when adequately activated, eradicate the pathogen.

(a)nosocomial responses

(b)virulence factors

(c)host defenses

(d)toxins

(e)digestive enzymes

1-15:

Identify and describe the two basic types of host defense.

1-16:

A.Explain what is required for a pathogen to establish an infection in the hostsuccessfully.

B.Provide three examples.

1-17:

A.Explain how penicillin exerts its effect on pathogens.

B.Why is penicillin not a suitable therapeutic agent for all pathogens?

1-18:

A.What is bioremediation?

B.Provide a specific example.

Answers

1-1:(b)

1-2:(a), (c), (e)

1-3:(d)

1-4:(a)

1-5:(e)

1-6:(c)

1-7:(d)

1-8:(c)

1-9:(b)

1-10:(e)

1-11:(c), (d), (e)

1-12:(a)

1-13:(b)

1-14:(c)

1-15:

The first type of host defense is called the innate immune response, which is the first host response to function during an infection.Both cell-mediated and chemical factors participate. The second type of defense is known as the adaptive immune response, which takes longer to become fully activated but also produces a form of immunological memory that will protect the host if re-infected by the same pathogen at a later date.

1-16:

A.To establish an infection, pathogens must first be able to defeat the first line of defense by the host.To persist, the pathogen needs to employ evasion tactics to escape detection by innate and adaptive immune responses of the host.

B.Three examples are(1) killing immune system cells,(2) altering their composition to avoid immunological memory responses, and (3) residing inside immune system cells to avoid detection.

1-17:

A.Penicillin inhibits bacterial infections by interfering with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.

B.Peptidoglycan is found only in bacterial cells, and therefore fungi and parasites are resistant to the inhibitory effects of penicillin. Penicillin is not suitable for some bacteria, however, because some bacteria produce \beta-lactamase, an enzyme that cleaves the \beta-lactam ring of penicillin and inactivates the antibiotic.

1-18:

A.Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to detoxify industrial waste.Microorganisms use the toxic waste as a source of energy, and the toxic substances are consequently converted into a less harmful substance.As a result, decontamination of polluted areas can be achieved.

B.For example, oil tanker spills affecting shorelines can be treated using bioremediation to eliminate the oil and also preserve sensitive ecosystems on the shoreline.