Honors Chemistry
Chapter 1 Notes – Introduction to Chemistry
(Student’s Edition)
Chapter 1 problem set: 39, 42, 53, 60, 62, 70, 74, 78, 82
1.1 Chemistry
Matter: anything that has and occupies .
Chemistry: the study of the composition, structure, and properties of substances and the they undergo. example -
Branches of Chemistry:Organic: chemistry
Inorganic: chemistry
Physical: the study of and matter
Biochemistry: the chemistry of things
Analytical: chemistry that identifies, , and qualifies
Pure science: science that seeks for its own sake.
Applied science: science that works to take pure science and apply it to situations ( ).
Why Study Chemistry?
Chemistry can be useful in explaining the world,
preparing people for opportunities, and producing citizens.
1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide
Materials:
Chemists design material to fit specific .
Macroscopic: objects that can be seen with the .
Microscopic: objects that can only be seen under a .
Energy:
Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to energy, energy, and energy.
Examples: , coal, petroleum, biodiesel, natural gas, and .
Medicine and Biotechnology:
Chemistry supplies the , , and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.
Biotechnology: applies science to the production of products or processes.
Agriculture:
Chemists help to develop more crops and safer, more effective ways to crops.
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The Environment:
Chemists help to pollutants and pollution.
Pollutant: a material found in air, water, or soil that is to humans or other
organisms. (example: lead in paint)
The Universe:
Chemists study the universe by gathering and analyzing brought back
to Earth.
Technology and Society – Nature’s Pharmacy:
40% of modern medicines come from chemicals produced by or .
Example: The from the death stalker scorpion is used to treat an incurable
form of brain cancer.
1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist
Alchemy:
Alchemist: developed the and for working with chemicals.
An Experimental Approach to Science:
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier: French scientist in late 1700s helped transform
chemistry from a science of to the science of that it is today.
It was originally thought that combustible materials contain . When
burning, material gave off phlogiston. When air becomes filled with this gas,
burning can no longer occur. In 1778, Lavoisier demonstrates that burning actually uses up oxygen, and that when no oxygen is left, burning stops. And so goes the old phlogiston theory.
The Scientific Method: a logical, systematic way of solving .
- State the .
- Collect .
- Form a : an educated guess about why an observation occurs. It may be discarded after later experiments.
- Perform .
- Search for scientific laws by collecting data and looking for patterns.
Scientific Law: a generalization a wide variety of behavior in nature. This is an explanation. It is a description. Example: The Periodic Law.
- Form a : a generalization that explains a body of facts. This is a well tested hypothesis about a broad set of observations but remains unproven. This is
an .
- theories. Example: the phlogiston theory of burning.
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Not in Book (NIB): Controlling Experiments
Experiments are designed by scientists to measure variable. Only one variable is changed between experiments. Example: burned out lamp.
Experimental group: group with the variable.
Control group: normal group.
Placebos
Collaboration and Communication: When scientist work together, they increase the
likelihood of a successful outcome.
Lab Safety
*** students must know all safety and first aid rules ***
Chemistry can be dangerous. It can involve poisons, heat, irritants, etc.
In the chemical industry, workers are ten times more likely to be injured at home
than at work.
1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry
Skills Used in Solving Problems: Effective problem solving always involves developing
a plan and then implementing that plan.
Solving Numeric Problems:
Analyze: To solve a word problem, first determine where you are starting from and where you are going.
Calculate
Evaluate: Check your answer.
NIB - Graphing
Independent variable (manipulated): variable that changes causing further change
in the dependent variable. Place on the axis.
Dependent variable (responding): variable that is tested. Place on the axis
(called ordinate axis).
Also, the intervals. They must be evenly spaced. Make data points with
dots surrounded by . Always label both axis with and units.
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