Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.The term psychology comes from the Greek words psyche, meaning ____, and logos, meaning ____.

a. / character, study / c. / mind, body
b. / mind, study / d. / character, body

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2.____ is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior.

a. / Psycholinguistics / c. / Psychiatry
b. / Psychology / d. / Psychobiology

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3.What field of study uses scientific methods to understand how we think, feel, and act?

a. / Psychology / c. / Psychiatry
b. / Behaviorism / d. / Cognition

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4.Which field, practiced by physicians, is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders?

a. / Abnormal psychology / c. / Psychiatry
b. / Clinical psychology / d. / Psychoanalysis

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5.You are being treated for a psychotic episode. What type of physician is most likely your doctor?

a. / Psychiatrist / c. / Counseling psychologist
b. / Psychotherapist / d. / Clinical psychologist

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6.If you believe that you wore your red hat today because you were genetically predisposed to wear it, what belief would you be embracing?

a. / Introspection / c. / Conscious awareness
b. / Free will / d. / Determinism

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7.Which of the following terms best suits the definition of determinism?

a. / Lawful patterns / c. / Randomness
b. / Determination / d. / No limitations

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8.French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes argued that people, but not animals, have free will. What did he mean by free will?

a. / The belief that they have absolutely unlimited power of free choice
b. / The belief that all psychological phenomena occur with regularity that is not random
c. / The belief that all behavior is totally random
d. / The belief that although all events have causes, you are still free to choose within the limits of these causes

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9.____ is the belief that human behavior is no different from any other physical action.

a. / Structuralism / c. / Determinism
b. / Functionalism / d. / Introspection

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10.The belief that there are no limitations on people’s power of free choice is called ____.

a. / free will / c. / determinism
b. / psychiatry / d. / structuralism

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11.Although the free will versus determinism debate is still discussed, which of the following terms classifies most of today’s social scientists and psychologists in this area?

a. / Structuralists / c. / Behaviorists
b. / Functionalists / d. / Probabilistic determinists

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12.Imagine you are a psychologist who believes that psychological phenomena are not totally random, do occur with some regularity, and can be reasonably understood using scientific methods. By what “term” would you classify your belief?

a. / Probabilistic determinism / c. / Probabilistic behaviorism
b. / Probabilistic functionalism / d. / Probabilistic structuralism

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13.The year is 1879, and you are on your way to Germany to study at the first institute for research in experimental psychology. What professor do you hope to study with at the University of Leipzig?

a. / Wilhelm Wundt / c. / Hugo Munsterberg
b. / Viktor Henri / d. / Carl Jung

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14.The “world’s first psychologist” is a title given to which person?

a. / William James / c. / Sigmund Freud
b. / James Watson / d. / Wilhelm Wundt

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15.You and several of your colleagues were stuck in an elevator for several hours. Later, sitting around the conference table, you each begin to describe in detail your feelings and fears about the ordeal. What technique are you most likely using?

a. / Pragmatic examination / c. / Sensory adaptation
b. / Introspection / d. / Consciousness

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16.What method was used by structuralists to understand conscious experiences?

a. / Perception / c. / Introspection
b. / Intuition / d. / Experimentation

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17.Edward Titchener renamed Wundt’s model of consciousness using what term?

a. / Structuralism / c. / Logical positivism
b. / Introspection / d. / Functionalism

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18.What is structuralism?

a. / Theory that sought to identify the components of the conscious mind
b. / Theory that sought to identify the organization and mapping of the brain
c. / Theory that sought to identify the structures of the brain
d. / Theory that sought to identify the factors implicated in the unconscious mind

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19.Which of the following names is most associated with functionalism?

a. / William James / c. / Karen Horney
b. / James McKeen / d. / G. Stanley Hall

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20.William James did not embrace Wundt’s approach of identifying the mind’s components. What was James’s desire?

a. / To understand how the mind affects what people feel
b. / To understand how the mind organizes stimuli into coherent wholes
c. / To scientifically study observable behavior
d. / To understand how the mind affects what people do

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21.Which approach to psychology studies how the conscious mind helps humans survive and successfully adapt to their environment?

a. / Functionalism / c. / Structuralism
b. / Behaviorism / d. / Analysis

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22.William James described his philosophy, known as ____, as a “philosophy without humbug.”

a. / determinism / c. / humanism
b. / probabilistic determinism / d. / pragmatism

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23.Freud developed his approach to psychology through what method?

a. / Teaching / c. / Survey research
b. / Clinical practice / d. / Experimentation

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24.Why was Freud’s theory in sharp contrast to the theories of Wundt and James?

a. / Freud’s theory was on observable behaviors.
b. / Freud’s theory was on biological determinants.
c. / Freud’s theory was on the unconscious mind.
d. / Freud’s theory was on the conscious mind.

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25.You tell your friend that you are having recurring dreams about falling off a cliff. Your friends are most likely to suggest that you visit which of the following individuals to understand the meaning of this dream?

a. / A psychoanalyst / c. / A gestaltist
b. / An evolutionist / d. / A behaviorist

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26.Which approach to psychology studies how the unconscious mind shapes behavior?

a. / Psychoanalysis / c. / Introspection
b. / Pragmatism / d. / Behaviorism

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27.What impeded the development of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory?

a. / Freud’s reluctance to submit psychoanalysis to critical examination
b. / Freud’s emphasis on the unconscious mind as opposed to observable behavior
c. / Freud’s desire to exclude all but psychiatrists to the field
d. / Freud’s belief that psychoanalysis was in the experimental stage

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28.What viewpoint does a psychologist most likely possess if he or she is mainly interested in a person’s observable behavior, rather than a person’s mental processes?

a. / Gestaltist / c. / Psychoanalytic
b. / Behaviorist / d. / Structuralist

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29.According to John Watson, which of the following would be a proper study of psychology?

a. / Introspection / c. / The feeling of happiness
b. / Playing football / d. / Imagery

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30.What is the theoretical goal of psychology according to early behaviorists?

a. / Prediction and control of behavior
b. / Identifying the complex components of the conscious mind
c. / Defining the behavioral differences between man and animal responses
d. / Analyzing the structure, content, and function of the mind

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31.An approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes is called ____.

a. / behaviorism / c. / psychoanalysis
b. / Gestalt psychology / d. / functionalism

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32.What was the philosophy underlying the behaviorist belief that all knowledge should be expressed in terms that can be verified empirically or through direct observation?

a. / Probabilistic determinism / c. / Pragmatic examination
b. / Logical positivism / d. / Existentialism

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33.Which area in psychology gained prominence primarily as an alternative to structuralism?

a. / Social psychology / c. / Individualism
b. / Behaviorism / d. / Gestalt psychology

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34.What school of thought criticized structuralism for attempting to understand the conscious mind by identifying and analyzing its components?

a. / Behaviorism / c. / Gestalt psychology
b. / Psychoanalysis / d. / Humanistic psychology

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35.Who was the founder of the Gestalt school of psychology?

a. / Kurt Koffka / c. / Alfred Adler
b. / John Watson / d. / Max Wertheimer

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36.Which of the following “truisms” best suits a Gestalt psychologist?

a. / Seeing is believing.
b. / The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
c. / Your glass isn’t half empty; it’s half full.
d. / Laughter is the best medicine.

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37.What approach to psychology studies how the mind actively organizes stimuli into coherent wholes?

a. / Analytical psychology / c. / Organizational psychology
b. / Gestalt psychology / d. / Convergent psychology

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38.The comparison of a melody formed by the combination of individual notes is analogous to what type of psychology?

a. / Gestalt psychology / c. / Comparative psychology
b. / Social psychology / d. / Analytic psychology

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39.Kurt Lewin and his students were instrumental in shaping the development of a new area of specialization in psychology. What was it called?

a. / Developmental psychology / c. / Narrative psychology
b. / Social psychology / d. / Transpersonal psychology

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40.Kurt Lewin applied what psychological approach to social behavior to develop social psychology?

a. / Gestalt psychology / c. / Cognitive psychology
b. / Analytic psychology / d. / Individual psychology

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41.Which of the following is a finding of the research conducted by Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clarke?

a. / They found that about one-third of the Black children preferred the white-colored doll.
b. / They found that about two-thirds of the White children preferred the black-colored doll.
c. / They found that about two-thirds of the Black children preferred the white-colored doll.
d. / They found the White children calling the black-colored dolls “bad.”

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42.What was the underlying premise of Kenneth and Mamie Clark’s research on children’s racial awareness and preferences?

a. / Racially integrated schooling is likely to instigate political debate.
b. / Racially segregated schooling helps to maintain a sense of ethnic identity among Black children.
c. / Racially segregated schooling instills a sense of inferiority among Black children.
d. / Racially integrated schooling decreases the average IQ among schoolchildren.

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43.According to Kenneth and Mamie Clark, racial awareness develops by what age?

a. / Three / c. / Five
b. / Never fully develops / d. / Seven

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44.The year is 1895, and you have just defended your doctoral dissertation at Harvard. It was hailed as “the most brilliant examination for the Ph.D. that we have had at Harvard,” but you were not awarded your Ph.D. Who are you?

a. / Mary Calkins / c. / Jean Piaget
b. / Margaret Washburn / d. / Barbel Inhelder

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45.Why was Mary Calkins not given her Ph.D. in psychology at Harvard when she defended her dissertation in 1895?

a. / She accepted her Ph.D. from Harvard’s sister college, Radcliffe.
b. / Unknown at the time, she had not completed all of her required coursework.
c. / Mary Calkins received her Ph.D. from Harvard in education, not psychology.
d. / Harvard did not grant degrees to women at that time.

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46.Which of the following women established one of the first psychology labs in the United States, pioneered research in short-term memory, and in 1905 became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association?

a. / Mamie Phipps Clark / c. / Barbel Inhelder
b. / Margaret Washburn / d. / Mary Calkins

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47.Who was the first woman to actually receive her doctorate in psychology?

a. / Inez Prosser / c. / Mary Calkins
b. / Margaret Washburn / d. / Mamie Phipps Clark

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48.Although Jean Piaget is a common name in most psychological circles, most students of psychology do not know the name of the woman who collaborated with Piaget on eight books and provided significant contributions to much of his work. Who is she?

a. / Barbel Inhelder / c. / Inez Prosser
b. / Mamie Phipps / d. / Jena Guthrie

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49.Who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?

a. / Mamie Phipps Clark / c. / Kenneth Clark
b. / Gilbert Jones / d. / Inez Prosser

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50.Who was the first African-American woman to receive her doctorate in psychology?

a. / Inez Prosser / c. / Eleanor Jack Gibson
b. / Mary Whiton Calkins / d. / Jacqueline Jarrett Goodnow

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51.Whose research provided the scientific justification for the U.S. Supreme Court to end the practice of racially segregated education in the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education decision?

a. / Inez Prosser and Jean Piaget / c. / Mary Calkins and Margaret Washburn
b. / Mamie and Kenneth Clark / d. / Edward and Helen Brown

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52.Who was the first African American to be elected president of the American Psychological Association?

a. / William James / c. / Gilbert Jones
b. / Robert Scott / d. / Kenneth Clark

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53.Which of the following is true regarding women and minorities in the field of psychology?

a. / Women make up about two-thirds of new doctoral degrees.
b. / Ethnic minorities make up about 16 percent of new doctoral degrees.
c. / Almost half of all Ph.D.s are now women.
d. / All of the above

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54.The influence of Gestalt psychology is seen in which of the following modern specialty areas?

a. / Cognitive and social psychology
b. / Psychiatry and clinical psychology
c. / Paranormal and holistic psychology
d. / Psychoanalysis and individual psychology

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55.Although significantly altered, which of the five early schools of psychology have survived as contemporary perspectives?

a. / Psychoanalysis and behaviorism / c. / Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology
b. / Behaviorism and functionalism / d. / Gestalt psychology and psychoanalysis

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56.Which psychologist’s writings have influenced the contemporary psychoanalysts, who have rejected Freud’s view that personality development, for all practical purposes, is complete by age 5?

a. / William James / c. / Stanley Hall
b. / Erik Erikson / d. / James McKeen Cattell

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57.During Freud’s reign, sexual drives were emphasized to explain personality. Today, many psychoanalysts deemphasize sexual desires and instead focus on what area to explain personality?

a. / Cultural experiences / c. / Reward and punishment
b. / Conscious choice / d. / The innate capacity for personal growth

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58.In contrast to Freud, which psychoanalyst asserted that personality continues to be shaped and changed throughout life?

a. / B.F. Skinner / c. / Abraham Maslow
b. / Erik Erikson / d. / John Watson

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59.Today, if you were inspired to follow a behaviorist approach to psychology, which contemporary figure most likely played a role in your decision?

a. / B. F. Skinner / c. / Abraham Maslow
b. / Carl Rogers / d. / Alfred Adler

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60.On Monday you were praised for helping Mrs. Martin with her groceries, on Tuesday you were given $2.00 for helping Mr. Scott plant begonias, and on Wednesday you were given cookies for helping Mrs. Jones find her cat. What theory provides the best explanation for this behavior?

a. / Freud’s theory of pleasure versus pain
b. / Adler’s theory of adolescent helping behaviors
c. / You abide by the “do unto others as you would have them do unto you” rule of thumb.
d. / Skinner’s theory that behaviors followed by positive consequences will be repeated

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61.Which psychological perspective played a key role in insisting that psychologists precisely define and objectively measure the concepts they study?

a. / Behaviorism / c. / Humanistic psychology
b. / Gestalt psychology / d. / Psychoanalysis

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62.During the 1950s, many psychologists were dissatisfied with both the psychoanalytic and behavioristic views of human nature. Which force exerted its influence on the psychology of that time?

a. / The humanistic perspective / c. / The cognitive perspective
b. / The sociocultural perspective / d. / The evolutionary perspective

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63.The ____ perspective is an approach to psychology that emphasizes human beings’ innate capacity for personal growth and their ability to make conscious choices.

a. / Gestalt / c. / psychoanalytic
b. / behaviorist / d. / humanistic

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64.What perspective are you embracing if you feel you have an innate capacity for personal growth and can consciously make your own choices?

a. / Naturalistic perspective / c. / Cognitive perspective
b. / Humanistic perspective / d. / Sociocultural perspective

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65.Your roommate believes that psychology should focus on helping individuals better use their inborn capacity to personally grow and make choices. Which contemporary perspective shares your roommate’s view?

a. / Gestalt perspective / c. / Psychoanalytic perspective
b. / Sociocultural perspective / d. / Humanistic perspective

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66.Which of the following pairs believed that psychology should study people’s unique subjective mental experiences of the world?

a. / Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow / c. / Erik Erikson and B. F. Skinner
b. / Sigmund Freud and Charles Darwin / d. / William James and John Watson

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67.Humanistic psychology served as the intellectual inspiration of which movement?

a. / Social psychology movement / c. / People for people movement
b. / People-oriented movement / d. / Human potential movement

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68.Humanistic psychology has had a broad impact by stressing the important role that ____ play in people’s lives.

a. / interpersonal relationships / c. / negative experiences
b. / positive life experiences / d. / significant life experiences

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69.Which psychological approach has been criticized as the least scientifically based of all contemporary perspectives?

a. / Cognitive / c. / Humanistic
b. / Evolutionary / d. / Sociocultural

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70.Which of the contemporary perspectives within psychology has promoted the scientific study of self-awareness, love, helping behaviors, and positive personality growth?

a. / Cognitive perspective / c. / Humanistic perspective
b. / Psychoanalytic perspective / d. / Sociocultural perspective

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71.Within the past 10 years, a new psychological perspective called ____ has emerged, which can be characterized as a direct descendant of the humanistic perspective.

a. / positive psychology / c. / developmental psychology
b. / experimental psychology / d. / narrative psychology

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72.Positive psychology is a(n) ____ to studying optimal human functioning that asserts that the normal functioning of human beings cannot be accounted for within purely negative frames of reference.

a. / traditional approach / c. / behaviorist approach
b. / universal approach / d. / scientific approach

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