Ch. 5: Classical Greece

  1. ______Civilization (1750-1400 BC?)
  2. On the Mediterranean island of Crete
  3. Great traders, traded with Egyptians, Mesopotamians
  4. Capital at a fantastic palace at Knossos
  5. Destroyed by a combination earthquake/tsunami c. 1400 BC
  6. The ______(1400-1200 BC)
  7. Replaced the Minoans as great traders
  8. Lived in city-states on the Greek mainland
  9. Fought the ______War between Greece and Troy (1250 BC)
  10. Mythological cause = Trojan prince Paris kidnapped Greek queen Helen
  11. Real cause = Trojans and Mycenaeans were trading rivals
  12. Troy lost after a long war and the city was destroyed
  13. ______
  14. Blind poet who lived around 750 BC
  15. Composed the Iliad, a story of the Trojan War
  16. Composed the Odyssey, a story of the hero Odysseus trying to get home from the Trojan War
  17. Classical Greece
  18. Many small ______separated from one another by mountains and the sea
  19. Monarchy, or rule by kings (750-500 BC), gave way to ↓
  20. Aristocracy, or rule by land owning elite, but as the middle class (artisans, merchants) grew in numbers, this gave way to ↓
  21. Oligarchy, or rule by a small, powerful elite from the business class
  22. The two most powerful city-states: Sparta and Athens
  23. ______
  24. Had very rigid laws, designed to keep their slaves in line
  25. Slaves outnumbered Spartans
  26. Militaristic society
  27. Sickly male babies abandoned to die
  28. Boys began training for military at age 7
  29. Males lived in military barracks until 30
  30. Even girls had to exercise rigorously, so as to be able to bear and raise strong children
  31. Disliked their neighbors, had no use for the arts
  32. ______
  33. Great wealth from trading
  34. Began to move toward a democratic government under the leadership of Solon in 594 BC
  35. Process continued under Cleisthenes in 507 BC, who created the Council of 500, the world’s first legislature
  36. Still, only male citizens could participate in government, and much of Athens power came from a base of slavery
  37. Boys, if the family could afford it, went to school and were encouraged to learn and think
  38. Polytheistic religion; Zeus, Apollo, Athena, Ares, Poseidon, and Aphrodite were central gods and goddesses
  39. Greeks considered themselves superior to all non-Greeks; all non-Greeks were called “barbaroi” or barbarians.
  40. The ______Wars
  41. 499 BC – Athens tries to help Greek city-states in Ionia rebel against Persian rule
  42. Persians crush rebellion, decide to attack Athens for helping
  43. King Darius I of Persia landed an army at Marathon in 490 BC to invade Athens
  44. Themistocles of Athens, though greatly outnumbered, leads the Athenian army to victory at Battle of Marathon
  45. 480 BC, Darius’ son Xerxes leads another attack
  46. A small group of Spartans, led by their king Leonidas, hold off the Persian army at Thermopylae, allowing the Athenians time to retreat
  47. After finally defeating the Spartans, Xerxes captures and burns an abandoned Athens
  48. Athenian navy ambushes and destroys Persian navy at Salamis, ending the Persian threat
  49. The Golden Age of ______
  50. Leader of Athens from 460-429 BC
  51. Made Athens a direct democracy where every citizen had a say in government
  52. Rebuilt Athens into a beautiful, rich, and powerful city
  53. 431 BC Sparta and its allies went to war with Athens and its allies in the Peloponnesian War
  54. war lasted 27 years
  55. Spartans eventually won in 404 BC, ending Athens golden age.
  56. Greek culture
  57. Philosophers
  58. ______: believed that knowledge was gained only through questioning society; sentenced to death for “corrupting the youth”
  59. ______: student of Socrates, ran a school called the Academy; believed in rational thinking
  60. ______: student of Plato, ran a school called the Lyceum, believed in studying all branches of knowledge
  61. Arts
  62. Architecture
  63. Sculpture
  64. Drama
  65. Tragedy
  66. Comedy
  67. History
  68. ______the Great
  69. Philip, King of Macedonia, a small land to the north of Greece, conquered Greece between 359-338 BC. When he was assassinated, his 20 year old son Alexander became King over all of Greece
  70. Alexander attacked and conquered Persia and marched as far as India before dying suddenly at age 32
  71. His new empire was quickly divided among his generals
  72. His wars introduced Greek culture to far away lands and vice-versa; this new mixed east-west culture was called Hellenism.
  73. ______culture
  74. Great city of Alexandria was built in Egypt
  75. Great Library of Alexandria
  76. The Pharos, or lighthouse, one of the 7 Wonders
  77. advances in math under Pythagoras
  78. advances in astronomy under Aristarchus and Eratosthenes
  79. advances in invention: Archimedes perfected the lever and pulley
  80. advances in medicine under Hippocrates