Central European Monarchs Clash

______

• ______join forces with ______, and Catholics form the ______ leads to warfare

Bohemian Protestant Revolt

• Future HRE, ______, was the head of the Hapsburg family

• Catholics didn’t trust Ferdinand II because he was Catholic and begin to close some of the Protestant churches. Some Protestants revolted, and Ferdinand II sends in an army to put down the revolt

• This began the ______, which was a conflict over religion and territory: characterized by Hapsburg defeats and Hapsburg triumphs

Hapsburg Triumphs

• The war lasted from ______.

• During the first 12 years of the war, ______crushed the Protestant troops

• Ferdinand paid his army of 125,000 men which allowed them to stay loyal to the Catholic cause

Hapsburg Defeats

• Protestant leader ______of Sweden fielded an army of 23,000 shifted the war in 1630.

• Driving the Hapsburg Catholics outside of Germany, Gustavas was killed in 1632. Cardinal ______and Cardinal ______dominated the remaining years of the war

Peace of Westphalia

• The war did great ______to Germany- population dropped from 20-16 million

• ______and ______were disrupted, and their economies suffered for it  why Germany didn’t unify until 1800’s

• ______ended the war (1648)

• The treaty had these ramifications:

Weakened Hapsburg states of ______and ______
Strengthened France by awarding it German territory
Made German princes independent of ______
Ended ______in Europe
Introduced a new method of ______

Beginning of Modern States

• The treaty abandoned idea of Catholic Empire, and recognized Europe as a group of ______nations. This was the most important result of the war

States form in Central Europe

• Major powers of Central Europe were ______, ______, and ______

Economic Contrasts with the West

• During the late middle ages, serfs moved from the manor to the towns and rose to the middle class. In central Europe, the aristocracy passed laws ______.

Several Weak Empires

The landowning nobles in central Europe blocked the development of strong kings. Ex) ______
The two empires, Ottoman and HRE, were limited in power also due to their inability to ______and the ______
One family, the Hapsburgs, took steps to become absolute monarchs
During the Thirty Years War, they captured ______. Next, they ______and ______. Lastly, the Hapsburg reclaimed Hungary from the Ottoman Empire.
In 1711, the Hapsburg ruler was Charles VI. He ruled over the Austrian, Hungarian, and Bohemian empires.

Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne

• In order to ensure that Hapsburgs kept their rule over those lands, ______persuaded other leaders of Europe to sign an agreement allowing Charles VI’s daughter to be the heir to the throne.

______was his daughter, and she faced years of war with Prussia once she took over

Prussia Challenges Austria

• The ______family ruled Austria, and they were as ambitious for power as the Hapsburgs

Rise of Prussia

• In 1640, a twenty years old a Hohenzollern (______) inherited Brandenburg

• The “______” created a standing army of 80,000 men, and funded this force through permanent taxation

• The landowning nobility, ______, didn’t like the growing power of the kings. To appease the Junkers, Frederick William ______which created a very loyal, very organized military state.

Frederick the Great

• Frederick worried that his son, also ______, wasn’t military minded enough to rule

• The son, Frederick, loved ______, ______, and ______

• In 1730, the son and a friend attempt to run away. The father, Frederick, orders his son to watch ______

• The son becomes known as Frederick the Great, and uses that memory to be astern militaristic leader

• He does, however, allow ______and ______

War of the Austrian Succession

• In 1740, ______succeeded her father (5 months after Frederick II takes control of Prussia)

• Frederick wanted ______, which is a territory just outside of Prussia

• He didn’t think Maria was strong enough to protect her land, and sent in troops to occupy Silesia  this started the ______(1740)

• Maria Theresa seeks help from the ______to aid the Austrians against the French and Prussians.

• Although Maria Theresa stops Prussia’s aggression, Austria did lose Silesia in the ______(1748)

______

• Maria Theresa allied Austria with France and Russia while Prussia allied themselves with Britain. Both Prussia and Austria switched allies, and for the first time ______was involved in European conflict

• In 1756 Frederick attacked the Austrian ally of ______. This started the Seven Years War, which did not change any territorial situations in Europe.

• The British emerged as the real victors of the Seven Years War, France lost its American colonies, and Britain gained economic domination of India.  this paved the way for British expansion