Name: ______Mod: ______
Genetics Review
Cellular Reproduction
1. Define the following terms
Vegetative Propagation-
Regeneration-
Sporulation-
Budding-
Binary Fission-
2. All of the above terms describe a type of ______reproduction.
3. What are the benefits of this type of reproduction?
4. Draw a picture showing the process of binary fission.
5. What type of organism performs binary fission and why?
Mitosis
6. Describe the steps of mitosis
Interphase-______
G1-______
S-______
G2-______
Prophase-______
Metaphase-______
Anaphase-______
Telophase-______
Cytokinesis-______
7. What are the three purposes of mitosis?
8. Describe the products of mitosis
9. Describe the different types of regulators of cell division and their importance,
Cell Contact-
Internal Regulators-
External Regulators-
10. What occurs when cell division is not regulated?
11. What can cause uncontrolled cell division?
12. What does somatic mean?
Meiosis
Meiosis’s steps are similar to Mitosis. Mitosis’s steps are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. You described these steps in the Mitosis section of this review. In Meiosis the steps repeat twice except in the second round Meiosis skips the second interphase.
Mitosis: IPMATC
Meiosis: IPMATC PMATC
13. Why does Meiosis skip the second interphase?
14. What is different about the products of Meiosis (in comparison to the products of mitosis)?
15. What is a gamete?
16. Prophase of Meiosis is slightly different than the prophase of mitosis. Chromosomes pair up in homologous pairs. What is meant by “homologous pairs?”
17. Metaphase of Meiosis is slightly different than the metaphase of mitosis. While the chromosomes are in their homologous pairing, crossing-over occurs. What is crossing-over?
18. Bacteria cells do not perform meiosis. Explain why it is not necessary for bacteria.
Karyotypes
19. What is a karyotype?
20. Scientists are able to stain chromosomes. The stain darkens areas of the chromosome that contains the nitrogen bases Adenine and Thymine. What does this “banding” (staining bands) of chromosomes allow scientists to study?
21. What is chromosomal notation? What is your chromosomal notation?
22. List three examples of disorders that are caused by chromosomal mutations.What process fails, causing these mutations?
23. What pair of chomosomes (number) should one observe to identify the individual’s gender?
Protein Synthesis
24. Number the following steps of protein synthesis, placing them in their proper sequence
______amino acid chain is released
___1___DNA unwinds
______tRNA delivers amino acid and hooks it onto the ribosome
______amino acids are linked together until a STOP codon is reached
______tRNA lands on ribosome and picks up anticodon
______mRNA is split into codons
______protein is formed
______mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to ribosome
______tRNA takes anticodon to cytoplasm and retrieves the corresponding amino acid
______mRNA lines up with DNA and is transcribed
25. Use a highlighter to identify which processes constitute transcription (mark with yellow) and translation (mark with pink)
26. Describe the role of each of the following in the process of protein synthesis.
DNA-
mRNA-
tRNA-
27. Briefly define transcription.
28. Briefly define translation.
29. Where does transcription take place?
30. Where does translation take place?
31. Label the following diagrams with these terms: double stranded DNA (label twice), unwound DNA, mRNA (label twice), tRNA, ribosome, nucleus, cytoplasm, amino acid, protein, transcription, and translation.
DNA replication
32. Why is DNA replication necessary?
33. Where does DNA replication take place?
34. How is replication different from transcription?
Genetics
35. Who is Gregor Mendel?
36. Define the following terms
Dominant-
Recessive-
Heterozygous-
Homozygous-
Hybrid-
Purebred-
Punnett Squares
Genotype-
Phenotype-
Allele-
37. In humans, the allele for dimples (D) is dominant. The allele for not having dimples (d) is recessive. A woman (DD) and a man (Dd) have four children. Create a punnett square to determine the phenotypic ratio of the children with dimples to the children without dimples?
38. The presence or absence of freckles is determined by one gene. The allele for freckles (F) is dominant and the allele for the absence of freckles (f) is recessive.
A couple has several children. All of the children have freckles because their parents' genotypes can only produce children with freckles.
What are most likely the genotypes of the two parents?
39. In humans, the allele for unattached earlobes (E) is dominant. The allele for attached earlobes (e) is recessive. A woman who is heterozygous for this trait marries a man who has attached earlobes. What is the probability that this couple's child will have unattached earlobes?
40. What is the difference between phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio?
41. In a species of fly, the allele for red eyes (R) is dominant to the allele for brown eyes (r). Red eye color in the flies is not sex-linked. Students crossed male and female flies that had red eyes and recorded the eye color of their offspring. Their data are shown below.
What are the most likely genotypes of the parent flies?
Pedigrees
42. What shape symbolizes males?
43. What shape symbolizes females?
43. How are generations labeled?
44. What does shading mean?
Sex Linkage
45. What is a sex linked trait?
46. Why are males more likely to be colorblind?
47. Besides colorblindness, what else are sex linked disorders/diseases?
48. Using a punnett square explain why a son with parents with normal vision can be colorblind.