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Plants

  1. What is a plant?
  2. Kingdom Plantae
  3. Multicellular
  4. Eukaryotic
  5. Cell walls made of cellulose
  6. Carry out photosynthesis using
  7. green pigment
  8. chlorophyll
  9. Life cycle
  10. Alternation of generations
  11. haploid (N) gametophyte
  12. diploid (2N) sporophyte
  13. “-phyte” means plant
  14. gametes
  15. haploid cells
  16. fuse together to produce a diploid individual
  17. Many have vegetative (asexual) reproduction
  18. Survival Needs
  19. Sunlight
  20. use sun’s energy to carry out photosynthesis
  21. leaves are typically broad & flat
  22. arranged on stem to maximize light absorption
  23. Water & Minerals
  24. require a constant supply of water
  25. used up quickly when sun is shining
  26. absorb minerals with the water
  27. Gas Exchange
  28. oxygen for respiration
  29. carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
  30. Movement of Water & Nutrients
  31. roots – underground organs
  32. take up water & nutrients
  33. leaves – photosynthetic organs that contain 1 or more bundles of vascular tissue
  34. gathered into veins of xylem & phloem
  35. food is made here
  36. Early Plants
  37. For most of Earth’s history, plants did NOT exist!!
  38. First plants
  39. Evolved from organism similar to green algae
  40. First plants were still dependent on water to complete the life cycle
  41. Similar to today’s mosses
  42. simple in structure
  43. grew close to the ground
  44. common in damp, swampy regions
  45. PlantKingdom
  46. Four groups
  47. Based on three features
  48. water conducting tissues (no? yes? What are they?)
  49. seeds
  50. flowers
  51. science today
  52. classification based on plant DNA
  53. Project Deep Green
  54. Strong evidence that 1st plants evolved from green algae
  55. Lived in fresh water
  56. Bryophytes
  57. Nonvascular plants
  58. Mosses
  59. sphagnum mosses thrive in acidic bogs
  60. when dry it acts like a natural sponge
  61. thick layers of peat in the ground can be cut & used for fuel
  62. Seedless vascular plants
  63. Ferns
  64. most numerous
  65. have true roots, stems & leaves
  66. also includes club mosses & horsetails
  67. Evolution of vascular tissue
  68. xylem – carries water
  69. phloem – carries food
  70. both move fluid against pull of gravity!!
  71. Seed Plants
  72. Seeds can be found everywhere
  73. Gymnosperms
  74. most ancient surviving seed plants
  75. seeds are found on cones
  76. conifers
  77. most common (Phylum Coniferophyta)
  78. over 500 known species
  79. pines, spruce, fir, cedar, sequoia, redwoods, yews
  80. largest genus is Pinus (includes 100 species of pine tree)
  81. leaves are long and thin (needle like)
  82. reduces surface area
  83. cuts down on water loss due to evaporation
  84. most are “evergreen”
  85. exceptions are the tamarac/ larch & bald cypress
  86. lose needles every fall
  87. cycads
  88. tropical & subtropical areas
  89. Phylum Cycadophyta - large, palm like
  90. ginkgoes
  91. only one species survives today
  92. Ginko biloba (Phylum Ginkgophyta)
  93. Resistant to pollution
  94. Popular shad tree in urban areas
  95. gnetophytes
  96. Phylum Gnetophyta
  97. Genus Ephedra
  98. Angiosperms
  99. Phylum Anthophyta
  100. flower bearing plants make up 90% of all plants
  101. grasses, flowering trees & shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers
  102. reproductive structures are the flowers
  103. attract bees, moths, hummingbirds to transport pollen
  104. Fruit
  105. Monocots v. Dicots
  106. Named for number of seed leaves (cotyledons)
  107. Monocots = one seed leaf
  108. Corn
  109. Wheat
  110. Lilies
  111. Orchids
  112. palms
  113. Dicots = two seed leaves
  114. Roses
  115. Clover
  116. Tomatoes
  117. Oaks
  118. Daisies
  119. Woody v. Herbaceous Plants
  120. Stem characteristics
  121. Woody
  122. Made of cells with thick cell walls
  123. Trees, shrubs, vines
  124. Herbaceous
  125. Stems are smooth & nonwoody
  126. Dandelions, zinnias, petunias, sunflowers
  127. Annuals, Biennials, & Perennials
  128. Annual
  129. Grow, mature, flower & die in one year
  130. Complete life cycle in one growing year
  131. Biennial
  132. Complete life cycle in two years
  133. Year one:
  134. germinate & grow roots
  135. very short stems
  136. Year two:
  137. grow need stems & leaves
  138. produce flowers & seeds then dies
  139. evening primrose, parsley, celery & foxglove
  140. Perennial
  141. Live for more than two years
  142. Slow, Grow, Go!!! 
  143. Most have woody stems
  144. Do not require water for fertilization of gametes
  145. can live just about anywhere!!
  146. Reproductive structures
  147. cones & flowers
  148. pollen
  149. entire male gametophyte is contained here
  150. carried to female
  151. wind
  152. insects
  153. birds
  154. small animals
  155. pollination
  156. transfer of pollen
  157. seeds
  158. embryo of a plant in a protective covering
  159. seed coat
  160. surrounds & protects the embryo
  161. keeps seed from drying out
  162. some have special features that help dispersal
  163. some have seed coats that stick to fur or feathers
  164. after fertilization
  165. zygote in seed grows into a tiny plant
  166. embryo
  167. can remain in seed for a long time
  168. survival strategy
  169. Evolution of seed plants
  170. Most important adaptation was the seed
  171. Many moss & fern species have become extinct
  172. drier climate over time
  173. early seed plants moved everywhere on Earth
  174. formed dense forests & swamps
  175. most of eastern United States
  176. remains exist in the form of coal deposits!
  177. Vocabulary
  178. Gametophyte, sporophyte, bryophyte, vascular tissue, xylem, phloem, root, leaf, vein, stem, , gymnosperm, angiosperm, cone, flower, pollen grain, pollination, seed, embryo, seed coat, fruit, monocot, dicot, cotyledon, annual, biennial, perenial