Diffusion

/ The movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Any particles or molecules

Osmosis

/ The diffusion of water through a membrane
A cell membrane is a type of semi permeable membrane.
This means that water can pass through the cell membrane, but most other substances cannot
Passive transport / The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
Particles move from areas of high concentration
to areas of lower concentration.
Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport
Active transport
/ The movement of substances across the cell membrane that requires the cell to use energy
The cell has to use energy to move particles through channels
Particles usually move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
Endocytosis
/ The process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell.
Large particles cannot move across a cell membrane
requires energy from the cell

Exocytosis / The process in which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane
Large particles cannot move across a cell membrane
Requires energy from the cell

/ The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food.
Chlorophyll is the main pigment used in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts.
The food plants make is a simple sugar called glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight
produces Glucose + Oxygen
Cellular respiration / The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
C6H12O6 + 6O2 produces6CO2 6H2O + energy (ATP)
Glucose + Oxygen producesCarbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
Takes place in structures called mitochondria
Fermentation / The breakdown of food without the use of oxygen
Some bacteria and fungi rely only on fermentation to release energy from food
Organisms may use fermentation when there is not enough oxygen for cellular respiration
Fermentation creates a byproduct called lactic acid. This is what makes your muscles ache if you exercise too hard or too long
Cell Cycle
/ The life cycle of a cell
The cell cycle starts when a cell is made, and ends when the cell divides to make new cells
Before a cell divides, it makes a copy of its DNA
Chromosome / In a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures
in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and
protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA
Homologous
Chromosomes
/ Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
Cytokinesis / The division of cytoplasm of a cell
In cells with no cell wall, the cell pinches in two.
In cell with a cell wall- A process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomeswith a cell wall, a cell plate forms and separates the new cells.

Mitosis / A process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
Binary Fission
/ Prokaryotes split into two parts. Each part has one copy of the cell’s DNA
Interphase
/ Before mitosis begins, chromosomes are copied.
Each chromosome is then made of two chromatids.
Prophase / Mitosis Phase 1 Mitosis begins. Chromatids
condense from long strands to thick rods.
Metaphase / Mitosis Phase 2 The nuclear membrane dissolves. Chromosome pairs line up around the equator of the cell.
Anaphase
/ Mitosis Phase 3 Chromatids separate and move
to opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase
/ Mitosis Phase 4 A nuclear membrane forms
around each set of chromosomes. The chromosomes unwind. Mitosis is complete.