My References
Jessica Holden
The list of references below is to support my research paper “Is there a difference in the Standard of Living between urban and rural areas”.
Abstract: What are the benefits of living in one area over the other? Why are people willing to give up certain benefits in order to living in a particular area and what benefits are they?
(All articles and books were found through Econlit)
Caner, Asena, and Edward Wolff. "Asset Poverty in the United States, 1984-1999." Challenge Jan-Feb 2004: 5-52.
Abstract:
Assets in the United States are distributed even more unequally than income, though they can be vital to an individual's standard of living. The authors present a comprehensive assessment of the distribution of assets in the United States and calculate an asset poverty line below which an individual cannot meet his or her basic needs.
This paper would help clarify whether people value assets more then income or standard of living. When my paper is written, I hope to look beyond the assets one has and that the decision to living in a particular area is more focused on other aspects such as benefits of the area, based on an individuals need.
Geisler, Charles. "Land and Poverty in the United States: Insights and Oversights." Land Economics 71.1 (1995): 16-34.
Abstract:
This paper departs from conventional treatments of poverty as a function of income and employment. It advances the view that analyses of poverty cannot be separated from those of wealth and that land influences wealth and poverty in a variety of important ways. This case is supported by revisiting the place of landed property in the distribution of wealth in America and three areas of land policy that redistribute wealth. The paper expands the definition of poverty to include land, having established ties between land and income, land and security, and land and the sustenance of a healthy environment.
Poverty is an important part of Standard of Living, one can live very well while in poverty. It is a very serious issue in the united stated and has a major impact on where people choice to live.
Mimura, Yoko, and Teresa Mauldin. "American Young Adults' Rural-to-Urban Migration and Timing of Exits from Poverty Spells." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 26.1 (2005): 55-76.
Abstract:
This study examined the timing of exit from poverty among rural young adults who migrated to urban areas in the United States, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, with a focus on gender and marital status. Poverty spells that involved relocation to urban areas lasted longer than those that did not. Poverty exit rates upon relocation to urban areas declined each year the young adults remained in poverty, but the impact remaining in urban areas had on reduced poverty exit rates diminished when family characteristics, human capital, and labor market factors were controlled.
This will show the effects of poverty on young adults and the choices they make based on the poverty around them and or from their own poverty issues.
Dribe, Martin. "Dealing with Economic Stress through Migration: Lessons from nineteenth century rural Sweden." European Review of Economic History 7.3 (2003): 271-299.
Abstract:
Preindustrial society was characterised by vast uncertainties due to harvest failures and fluctuations in prices of basic commodities. These economic fluctuations had severe effects on the standard of living, especially for the poorer segments of the population, as shown for instance, by the increased mortality following economic crises. This article examines the extent to which migration could be used as a measure to deal with economic stress by sending individual family members away, or relocating the entire family. A micro-level approach is taken, where a longitudinal dataset at the individual level is used in the analysis of a rural community in southern Sweden for the period 1829-1866. The results show that landless people did not move in response to economic stress, most likely because of the lack of available alternatives and prohibitively high costs of long-range migration. Thus, migration does not appear to have been an effective way of dealing with economic stress in this preindustrial rural community.
This shows a study of a different countries struggles with economic stress with an issue of migration, the effects of people moving in and out on a regular bases. How does this effect where people go and why?
Lu, Ding. "Rural-Urban Income Disparity: Impact of Growth, Allocative Efficiency, and Local Growth Welfare." China Economic Review 13.4 (): 419-429.
Abstract:
Historical data of economic development suggest a Kuznets-Williamson type of relationship between economic growth and income disparity. Using China's provincial data, we first try to determine to what extent such a relationship is valid in the urban-rural disparity context. Next, we identify some factors other than economic growth that might have affected urban-rural disparity. In particular, we calculate and compare the inter-sector gross allocation effect (GAE) at the provincial level to discern the impact of labor mobility and allocative efficiency on urban-rural disparity. We also try to evaluate the contribution of local governance to urban-rural disparity by looking into regional differences in effectiveness of economic growth to raise local standard of living. Policy implications of the findings are discussed in the light of China's institutional reforms and development strategies.
This will help me to show that growth has an impact on the rural and urban developments and the effects income with in each area based on growth.
Slesnick, Daniel. "The Standard of Living in the United States." Review of Income and Wealth 37.4 (1991): 363-386.
Abstract:
A common approach to the evaluation of the standard of living is based on a function of real income. In the United States, this often takes the form of consumer-price-index-deflated mean household income. consumption-based index. Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys, the author finds that real mean income provides an inaccurate representation of the level and trend of the standard of living relative to real per equivalent total expenditure in the postwar United States. The differences between real income and real total expenditure per household equivalent member are found at all levels of aggregation.
The consumer price index and real income as the measure for the Standard of Living. How does this differ from income and how does the consumer price index play a role in where people live? Is there a difference between rural and urban and why does the difference occur?
Winson, Anthony, and Belinda Leach. Contingent work, disrupted lives: Labour and community in the new economy. : Studies in Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy. Toronto; Buffalo and London: University Toronto Press, 2002.
Abstract:
Explores how economic changes associated with globalization have affected five, manufacturing-dependent, rural communities in Ontario--Elora, Harriston, Mount Forest, Arnprior, and Iroquois Falls--analyzing data from interviews with displaced workers or with high school leavers just entering the job market. Introduces each community, describing its history, present-day demographics, economic profile, and labor market opportunities. Discusses corporate restructuring as a profit-maximizing strategy in the new political economic environment, the specifics of corporate restructuring in each of the communities, and the implications for rural community viability. Provides statistical evidence that people in the five communities who lose access to stable full-time jobs with benefits move toward flexible, casual, part-time work, when they seek alternatives in the new rural community. Presents in-depth, qualitative evidence on the human impact of restructuring, addressing how restructuring causes people to reorganized their family lives as well as their work lives and how it intersects with factors such as gender and age. Explores why some communities are more resilient than others in the face of the new external pressures of global capitalism and investigates the value of economic diversity and of other social-organizational factors in ensuring good employment and a decent standard of living. Winson and Leach are professors in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Guelph. Glossary; index.
Uses of examples of other towns and cities that make help make it understandable as to why things are happening in my hometown. Is there a correlation between my hometown and these other places?
Boger, John Charles, and Judith Welch Wegner. Race, poverty, and American cities. : Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Abstract:
Seventeen papers present multidisciplinary perspectives on the complex and intransigent problems facing U.S. cities and their people, using the Kerner Commission Report, commissioned by Lyndon B. Johnson in July 1967, as a framework for the discussion. Papers focus on lessons and questions from the Kerner Commission Report; an urban policy for the United States; effects on education, employment, and racial integration; how race matters in developing health, education, and welfare policies; the dual racial reality of the media's message; and whether the U.S. citizenry has the will to effect change. Boger and Wegner are at the University of North Carolina. Index of statutes; general index.
Hopefully this will help explain the benefits of each area and the impact they have on ones decision.
Gallman, Robert, and John Joseph Wallis. American economic growth and standards of living before the Civil War. : National bureau of Economic Research Canference Report. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Abstract:
Eight papers, plus comments, presented at a conference held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in July 1990, discuss the early stages of modernization and the effects of developments during the industrial revolution on standards of living. Papers focus on U.S. labor force estimates and economic growth, 1800-1860; American economic growth before the Civil War--the testimony of the capital stock estimates; inequalities in the standard of living in the United States, 1798-1875; wages and prices during the antebellum period; consumer behavior, diet, and the standard of living in late colonial and early antebellum America, 1770-1840; stature and living standards in the United States; the productivity consequences of market integration--agriculture in Massachusetts, 1771-1801; and invention, innovation, and manufacturing productivity growth in the antebellum Northeast. Contributors are mainly economists. Gallman is at the University of North Carolina. Wallis is at the University of Maryland. Author and subject indexes.
How has industrialization played a role in the urban and rural areas? Is it something people look at before choosing a place to live and if so why is it a factor? This also allows me to compare now with before the civil war, did the war have an impact on society and the choice of where to live?
Moskowitz, Marina. Standard of living: The Measure of the middle class in Modern America. : Baltimore and London: JohnsHopkinsUniversity Press, 2004.
Abstract:
Considers the processes by which certain objects, structures, and landscapes became the "standard" possessions or settings for Americans by the 1920s. Examines silverplate flatware and its distribution to and use by middle-class families and institutions. Focuses on bathroom fixtures and the design of the bathroom. Charts the attempt to democratize homeownership through mail-order architecture in the first quarter of the twentieth century. Examines the rapid spread of the planning principle of zoning for cities and towns, usually involving plans designed by a consulting urban planner. Traces the way in which marketing and sales efforts for flatware, bathroom fixtures, mass-produced houses, and early zoning plans were interwoven with the promotion of a variety of middle-class values and organizing principles. Highlights the role played in this process by an array of cultural arbiters, including magazine editors, public health officials, popular authors, financial and legal advisors, social scientists, and writers of prescriptive literature. Surveys reflections on the American standard of living offered in the contemporary academic and creative literature. Moskowitz is a lecturer in history and director of the Andrew Hook Centre for American Studies at the University of Glasgow.
Once again how is standard of living measures, is it by consumer price index, real income, or by objects, landscapes, structures, assets? Maybe this will compare the different types of measurement and how they effect decisions. Is there a difference in outcome?
Wolff, Edward. What happened to the quality of life in advanced industrialized nations. : Cheltenham, U.K. and Northampton, Mass.: Elgar in association with the Levy Economics Institution, 2004.
Abstract:
Twelve papers the product of a project undertaken by the Levy Economics Institute, focus on the measurement and evaluation of standard of living, and important aspects of well-being, in the United States and other countries. Papers discuss recent trends in living standards in the United States; the use of expenditures to measure the standard of living in the United States; whether children have benefited from economic growth in the United States since 1969; a reassessment of the consumer price index in the United States five years after the Boskin Commission report; whether economic well-being has improved in Canada and the United States; a comparison of living standards across nations; race, home ownership, and family structure in twentieth-century America; living standard potential and the transmission of advantage in Chile; a historical perspective on the standard of living using anthropometric data; time intensity, or performing two or more tasks at a time, as an important dimension of well-being; a measurement of worker rights and labor strength in the advanced economies; and a measurement of quality of life with local indicators. Wolff is Senior Scholar at the Levy Economics Institute and Professor of Economics at New YorkUniversity.
Comparasion between Canada and the United States and other nations, which factors play a role in the standard of living and is the results the same or not and why or why not?
de la Croix, David. Standard-of-living Aspirations and Economic Cycles. : IEA Conference Volume, no.133. Houndmills,U.K. and New York: Palgrave in association with the International Economic Association, 2001.
Abstract:
Book in transit, no abstract was provided.
Kantor, Paul. The DependentCity: The Changing Political Economy of Urban Economic Development in the United States. : Elgar Reference Collection. International Library of Comparative Public Policy, vol.2.Aldershot,distributed in the U.S.by Ashgate, Brookfield, Vt, 1995.
Abstract:
Book in transit, no abstract was provided.