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Curriculum vitae Alessandra De Cesare

1. General information

Alessandra De Cesare

Date of birth: February 9th, 1970

Place of birth: Imola (BO) Italy

Citizenship: Italian

Home address: Via Pasolini 15A, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy.

Phone number: 0039 051 2097853

Mobile: 0039 347 4221027

E-mail: ,

Skype contact: adecesare70

Languages: Italian and English

2. Education

1989-1995: Degree in Biological Sciences at the University of Bologna, Italy. Final dissertation: “Application of FTIR spectroscopy to the evaluation and modelling of microbial growth”

2001-2004: PhD in Food Science, University of Bologna, Italy. Final dissertation: “Genetic characterisation of the main food-borne pathogens by using restriction analysis of the rRNA operons”.

3. Employment records:

 July 2000-nowdays: Research Assistant at the Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Bologna. Since September 2012 validated as Assistant Professor in Food Hygiene and Inspection of Foods. In 2015 has been Evaluator of Research Projects funded by the European Commission. The main duties and responsibilities linked to the current job are:

 Coordination of research activities developed within the laboratories of food safety.

 Teaching in Hygiene and Inspection of foods of animal origin.

 Writing and editing of research papers.

 Writing and editing of national and international research projects.

 Writing and editing scientific reports for national and international research projects.

 Prepare and give presentations during national and international conferences.

The main research topics are and have been the followings:

-Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of animal and food matrices to investigate status and changes in taxonomic composition and functional genes (EU project 643476 COMPARE).

-Application of predictive and risk assessment models to evaluate the impact of different ingredient combinations and preparation as well as storage procedures on safety of RTE products (EU project 289262 STARTEC).

-Definition of performance objectives and fit for purpose sampling schemes for specific food/risk combinations (EU project 222738 BASELINE.

-Evaluation of the incidence of traditional (i.e., Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp) emerging (i.e., Helicobacter pullorum) and re-emerging (i.e., Clostridium perfringens) pathogens in poultry productions since application of EU regulation 1831/2003 concerning the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters and prophylactic antibiotics in chicken feed (EU project FOOD-CT-200X-007076 POULTRYFLORGUT).

-Study of culture and molecular tools for the recovery and identification of emerging Campylobacteraceae in food and water chain (EU project QLK1-CT- 2002-02201 named CAMPYCHECK).

-Food-borne pathogens genotyping by automated ribotyping, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, amplified fragment length polymorphism.

-Study of Campylobacter virulence properties (i.e. toxins production, adhesivity, invasivity).

 July 1997-July 2000: Contract Researcher in meat microbiology and technology at the University of Bologna. The main research topics were: (1) evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for rapid quantification of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium by using the; (2) study of isolation and identification molecular strategies for Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp; (3) study of molecular methods for bacteria genotyping with particular focus on automated ribotyping, random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) and plasmid profile; (4) evaluation of the best restriction enzyme to discriminate Salmonella enterica by automated ribotyping; (5) evaluation of the best restriction enzyme to discriminate Listeria monocytogenes strains belonging to the same clonal group by automated ribotyping; (6) investigation of the antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp.; (7) study of Campylobacter spp cross contamination on different surfaces.

 July 1995-July 1997 Young Researcher in Food Microbiology at the University of Bologna. The main research topics were: (1) study of applications of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to follow microbial growth dynamics, with particular focus on method set up and improving of sensitivity; (2) evaluation of high pressure homogenisation (between 300 and 1500 bar) on inactivation of Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Give, Bovis, Haster, Linny inoculated in Brain Heart Infusion broth and eggs; (3) evaluation of the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus plantarum against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in Italian poultry and pork sausages supplemented with ascorbic acid and glucose and stored at 0-4°C; (4) evaluation of the efficacy of poultry feed supplemented with organic acids on inhibition of Salmonella enterica. As further activity during the contact HACCP plans for food production companies have been elaborated and optimised.

1. Involvement in International projects

EU-project QLK1-CT- 2002-02201 (2003) “Improved physiological, immunological and molecular tools for the recovery and identification of emerging Campylobacteraceae in the food and water chain” (CAMPYCHECK). Role: participation in the research team of the University of Bologna.

EU-FOOD-CT-200X-007076 (2005) “Control of the intestinal flora ecology in poultry for ensuring the products safety for human consumption” (POULTRYFLORGUT). Role: Task Leader.

EU project 222738 (2009) “Selection and improving of fit-for-purpose sampling procedures for specific foods and risks” (BASELINE). Role: Task Leader and Co-Coordinator.

EU project 289262 (2012) “Decision support tools to ensure safety, tasty and nutritious advanced ready to eat foods for healthy and vulnerable consumers” (STARTEC). Role: WP Leader and Main contact for UNIBO.

EU project 643476 COMPARE (2015) “Collaborative Management Platform for the detection and Analyses of (Re-) emerging and foodborne outbreaks in Europe. Role: Task Leader.

Norwegian project LISTWARE (2016) “Software for risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in ready to eat meat products”. Role: Main contact for UNIBO.

1. Other relevant facts:

March-September 1999 visiting scientist at Qualicon Inc., Wilmington DE, USA, working on the application of the Riboprinter Microbial Characterisation System to bacteria typing.

February-July 2000 visiting scientist at the Department of Poultry Science of the North Carolina State University working on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the environment.

May 2000 participation to the training course “Introduction to microbial risk analysis” organised by the International Association for Food Protection.

Italian representative in Working Group 1 “Isolation, identification and typing methods” of COST 920 named “Foodborne zoonosis: a co-ordinated food chain approach” (

March 2007 participation to the courses “Getting ready for Framework Programme 7” and “How to write a competitive proposal” organised by the University of Bologna.

June 28th July 2nd 2010 training on “Application and management of quantitative risk assessment models” at Ashtown Food Research Centre TEAGASC, Department of Food Safety, Dublin (Ireland) funded by Erasmus Life Learning Program.

July 9th-13th 2012 training on “Microbioma and Metagenomic analysis of the caecum of avian species”, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (USA) funded by Erasmus Life Learning Program.

August 31st- 4th September 2015 training on “Functional analysis program for metagenomic sequencing data”, Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson (AZ), USA funded by Erasmus Life Learning Program.

Since October 2015 Expert Contract with the Research Executive Agency REA/C/04 European Commission.

1. Publications in international journals with Impact Factor

1. De Cesare, A., Bruce, J.L., Dambaugh, T.R., Guerzoni, M.E., Wiedmann, M. (2001) Automated ribotyping using different enzymes to improve discrimination of Listeria monocytogenes isolates, with a particular focus on serotype 4b strains. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39 (8): 3002-3005.

2. De Cesare, A., Manfreda, G., Dambaugh, T.R., Guerzoni, M.E., Franchini, A. (2001) Automated ribotyping and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis for molecular typing of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated in Italy. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91 (5): 780-785.

3. De Cesare, A., Manfreda, G. (2002) Use of the automated ribotyping for epidemiological investigations. Annals of Microbiology, 52 (2): 181-190.

4. De Cesare, A., Sheldon, B.W., Smith, K.S., Jaykus, L.-A. (2003) Survival and persistence of Campylobacter and Salmonella species under various organic loads on food contact surfaces. Journal of Food Protection, 66 (9): 1587-1594.

5. Manfreda, G., De Cesare, A., Bondioli, V., Franchini, A. (2003) Ribotyping characterisation of Campylobacter isolates randomly collected from different sources in Italy. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 47 (2): 385-392.

6. Manfreda, G., De Cesare, A., Bondioli, V., Franchini, A. (2003) Comparison of the BAX® System with a multiplex PCR method for simultaneous detection and identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in environmental samples. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 87 (3): 271-278.

7. Andollina, A., De Cesare, A., Bertoni, G., Modelli, L., Manfreda, G. (2004) Identification and genetic characterisation of orthopaedic Staphylococcus isolates collected in Italy by automated EcoRI ribotyping. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 234 (2): 275-280.

8. Pasquali, F., De Cesare, A., Ricci, A., Kehrenberg, C., Schwarz, S., Manfreda, G. (2004) Phage types, ribotypes and tetracycline resistance genes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium strains isolated from different origins in Italy. Veterinary Microbiology, 103 (1-2): 71-76.

9. Manfreda, G., De Cesare, A. (2005) Campylobacter and Salmonella in poultry and poultry products: Hows and whys of molecular typing. World's Poultry Science Journal, 61 (2): 185-197.

10. Manfreda, G., De Cesare, A., Stella, S., Cozzi, M., Cantoni, C. (2005) Occurrence and ribotypes of Listeria monocytogenes in Gorgonzola cheeses. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 102 (3): 287-293.

11. Manfreda, G., Mioni, R., De Cesare, A. (2005) Surveillance and characterization of enterotoxigenic Staphylococci in foods of animal origin collected in the Veneto region. Veterinary Research Communications, 29 (2): 331-333.

12. Manfreda, G., De Cesare, A., Bondioli, V., Stern, N.J., Franchini, A. (2006) Enumeration and identity of Campylobacter spp. in Italian broilers. Poultry Science, 85 (3): 556-562.

13. De Cesare, A., Manfreda, G., Macrì, M., Cantoni, C. Application of automated ribotyping to support the evaluation of Listeria monocytogenes sources in a Taleggio cheese producing plant (2007) Journal of Food Protection, 70 (5), pp. 1116-1121.

14. Manfreda, G., Mioni, R., Fornasiero, E., De Cesare, A., Franchini, A. (2007) Prevalence and characterisation of populations of Listeria monocytogenes during sausage ripening. Veterinary Research Communications, 31 (1): 377-379.

15. De Cesare, A., Mioni, R., Manfreda, G. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh and fermented Italian sausages and ribotyping of contaminating strains (2007) International Journal of Food Microbiology, 120 (1-2), pp. 124-130.

16. De Cesare, A., Parisi, A., Bondioli, V., Normanno, G., Manfreda, G. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity within three Campylobacter populations isolated from broiler ceca and carcasses (2008) Poultry Science, 87 (10), pp. 2152-2159.

17. Mammina, C., Manfreda, G., Aleo, A., De Cesare, A., Pellissier, N., Romani, C., Nicoletti, P., Pecile, P., Nastasi, A., Pontello, M.M. (2009) Molecular typing reveals frequent clustering among human isolates of Listeria monocytogenes in Italy. Journal of Food Protection, 72 (4): 876-880.

18. De Cesare, A., Borilova, G., Svobodova, I., Bondioli, V., Manfreda, G. (2009) Clostridium perfringens occurrence and ribotypes in healthy broilers reared in different European countries. Poultry Science, 88 (9): 1850-1857.

19. Manfreda, G., Parisi, A., Lucchi, A., Zanoni, R.G., De Cesare, A. (2011) Prevalence of Helicobacter pullorum in conventional, organic, and free-range broilers and typing of isolates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77 (2): 479-484.

20. Pasquali, F., De Cesare, A., Manfreda, G., Franchini, A. (2011) Campylobacter control strategies in European poultry production. World's Poultry Science Journal, 67 (1): 5-18.

21. Zanoni, R.G., Piva, S., Rossi, M., Pasquali, F., Lucchi, A., De Cesare, A., Manfreda, G. (2011) Occurrence of Helicobacter pullorum in turkeys. Veterinary Microbiology. 149 (3-4): 492-496.

22. Pasquali F., Bovo F., Lucchi A., De Cesare A., Manfreda G. (2012) Evaluation of the real-time OCR to complement ISO6579:2004 method for the detection of salmonella in pork cuts. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 1(5) 11-15.

23. De Cesare, A., Valero, A., Lucchi, A., Pasquali, F., Manfreda, G. (2013) Modeling growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes in pork cuts from packaging to fork under different storage practices. Food Control. 34 (1): 198-207.

24. De Cesare, A., Valero, A., Manfreda, G. (2013) Proposal of sampling protocols to verify possible performance objectives for Campylobacter species control in Italian broiler batches. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 2 (1): 8, 21-22.

25. Pasquali, F., De Cesare, A., Bovo, F., Serraino, A., Manfreda, G. (2013) Relative accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of a 5′ nuclease Real-Time PCR assay for Salmonella detection in naturally contaminated pork cuts. Molecular and Cellular Probes. 28(4): 133-137.

26. Pasquali, F., De Cesare, A., Valero, A., Olsen, J.E., Manfreda, G. (2014) Improvement of sampling plans for Salmonella detection in pooled table eggs by use of real-time PCR. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 184: 31-34.

27. Giacometti, F., Serraino, A., Pasquali, F., De Cesare, A., Bonerba, E., Rosmini, R. (2014) Behavior of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus in ultrahigh-temperature, pasteurized, and raw cow's milk under different temperature conditions. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 11 (1): 15-20.

28. Valero, A., Pasquali, F., De Cesare, A., Manfreda, G. (2014) Model approach to estimate the probability of accepting a lot of heterogeneously contaminated powdered food using different sampling strategies. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 184: 35-38.

29. Gianfranceschi, M.V., Rodriguez-Lazaro, D., Hernandez, M., González-García, P., Comin, D., Gattuso, A., Delibato, E., Sonnessa, M., Pasquali, F., Prencipe, V., Sreter-Lancz, Z., Saiz-Abajo, M.-J., Pérez-De-Juan, J., Butrón, J., Kozačinski, L., Tomic, D.H., Zdolec, N., Johannessen, G.S., Jakočiune, D., Olsen, J.E., De Santis, P., Lovari, S., Bertasi, B., Pavoni, E., Paiusco, A., De Cesare, A., Manfreda, G., De Medici, D. (2014) European validation of a real-time PCR-based method for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in soft cheese. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 184: 128-133.

30. De Cesare, A., Parisi, A., Caruso, M., Pasquali, F., Manfreda, G. Preliminary investigation on multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis profiles of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from pork meat tested from packaging to fork (2014) Italian Journal of Food Safety, 3 (1), 1660, 6-8.

31. Manfreda, G., De Cesare, A. (2014) The challenge of defining risk-based metrics to improve food safety: Inputs from the BASELINE project. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 184: 2-7.

32. Delibato, E., Rodriguez Lazaro, D., Gianfranceschi, M., De Cesare, A., Comin, D., Gattuso, A., Hernandez, M., Sonnessa, M., Pasquali, F., Sreter-Lancz, Z., Saiz-Abajo, M.-J., Pérez-De-Juan, J., Butrón, J., Prukner-Radovcic, E., Horvatek Tomic, D., Johannessen, G.S., Jakočiune, D., Olsen, J.E., Chemaly, M., Le Gall, F., González-García, P., Lettini, A.A., Lukac, M., Quesne, S., Zampieron, C., De Santis, P., Lovari, S., Bertasi, B., Pavoni, E., Proroga, Y.T.R., Capuano, F., Manfreda, G., De Medici, D. (2014) European validation of Real-Time PCR method for detection of Salmonella spp. in pork meat. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 184: 134-138.

33. De Cesare, A., Valero, A., Rodríguez-Lázaro, D., Hernández, M., Pasquali, F., Manfreda, G. (2014) Proposal of performance objectives and sampling schemes for Listeria monocytogenes in fresh meat intended to be eaten cooked under different storage practices. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 184: 50-54.

34. De Cesare, A., Pasquali, F., Lucchi, A., Manfreda, G. (2014) Relative Accuracy, Specificity and Sensitivity of a 5′ Nuclease Real-Time PCR Assay for Listeria monocytogenes Detection in Naturally Contaminated Pork Cuts. Food Analytical Methods. 7(6): 1359-1365.

35. Valero, A., Hernandez, M., De Cesare, A., Manfreda, G., González-García, P., Rodríguez-Lázaro, D. (2014) Survival kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes on raw sheep milk cured cheese under different storage temperatures. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 184: 39-44.

36. Valero, A., Hernandez, M., De Cesare, A., Manfreda, G., García-Gimeno, R.M., González-García, P., Rodríguez-Lázaro, D. (2014) Probabilistic approach for determining Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes concentration in pork meat from presence/absence microbiological data. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 184: 60-63.

37. Comin, D., Valero, A., Manfreda, G., García-Gimeno, R.M., Paiusco, A., De Medici, D., Terza, P., Ferrarini, S., De Cesare, A. (2014) Microbiological criteria for Campylobacter in broiler carcasses in Italy: A possible approach to derive them. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 184: 64-68.

38. Manfreda, G., Valero, A., Rodríguez-Lázaro, D., Hernández, M., Pasquali, F., De Cesare, A. (2014) Performance Objectives for Salmonella in fresh pork meat intended to be eaten cooked: How to derive them and verify their achievement, International Journal of Food Microbiology. 184: 55-59.

39. Pasquali F., De Cesare A., Braggio S., Manfreda G. (2014) Salmonella detection and aerobic colony count in deep-frozen carcasses of house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and starling (Sturnus vulgaris) intended for human consumption. Italian Journal of Food Safety. 3:1668, 117-118.

40. Pasquali, F., Rocculi, P., De Cesare, A., Bovo, F., Olivi, P., Lucchi, A., Meluzzi, A. (2014) New technologies to enhance quality and safety of table eggs: ultra-violet treatment and modified atmosphere packaging. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 3, 192-195.

41. De Cesare, A., Valero, A., Pérez-Rodríguez, F., Chemaly, M., Manfreda, G. (2015) Derivation of performance objectives for Campylobacter in broiler carcasses taking into account impact of selected factors on pathogen prevalence and counts. Food Control, 47, 77-85.

42. Bovo, F., De Cesare, A., Manfreda, G., Bach, S., Delaquis, P. (2015) Fate of Salmonella enterica in a mixed salad containing lettuce, cheddar cheese and cooked chicken meat. Journal of Food Protection, 78 (3), 491-497.

43. De Cesare A., Parisi A., Giacometti F., Serraino A., Piva S., Caruso M., De Santis E. P. L., Manfreda G. (2015) Multilocus sequence typing of Arcobacter butzleri isolates collected from dairy plants, and comparison with their PFGE types. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 120 (1) 165-174.

44. De Cesare A., Krishnamani K., Parisi A., Ricci A., Luzzi I., Barco L., Lucchi A., Miccalupo A., Manfreda G. (2015) Comparison between Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis genotyping methods and phage type. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53 (9) 3021-3031.

45. Manfreda G., Parisi A., De Cesare A., Mion D., Piva S., Zanoni R. G. (2016) Typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from turkey by genotyping methods, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene patterns: a retrospective study. Accepted for publication in Foodborne pathogens and diseases, 13 (2): 93-100.

46. De Cesare A., Vitali S., Trevisani M., Bovo F. Manfreda G. . 2017. Microbiological and modelling approach to derive performance objectives for Bacillus cereus group in ready to eat salads. Risk Analysis, 37 (3), 408-420.

47. Manfreda G., De Cesare A. (2016) Novel food trends and climate changes: impact on emerging food-borne bacterial pathogens. Current Opinion in Food Science, 8: 99-103.

48. De Cesare A., Parisi A., Mioni R., Comin D., Lucchi A., Manfreda G. 2017. Listeria monocytogenes circulating in rabbit meat products and slaughterhouses in Italy: prevalence data and comparison among typing results. Foodborne Pathogens and Diseases, 14(3): 167-176.

49. De Cesare A., Sirri F., Manfreda G., Moniaci P., Giardini A., Zampiga M., Meluzzi A. 2017. Effect of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL (CECT 4529) on Caecum Microbioma and Productive Performance in Broiler Chickens. PlosONE 12(5): e0176309.

Other publications (◊poster, *oral presentation)

1.Guerzoni M. E., Lanciotti R., De Cesare A., Chaves Lopez C. (1996). High pressure homogenization of egg products and its effects on the inactivation of Salmonella serotypes. Proceedings COST Action 97 “Prevention of contamination of poultry meat, eggs and egg product”, Roma (Italy), 23-25 October, pp 87-94.

2.De Cesare A., Gardini F., Lanciotti R., Guerzoni M. E. (1996). Interaction between Lactobacillus plantarum and Listeria monocytogenes in poultry and pork sausages. Proceedings COST 914 “Predictive modelling of microbial growth and survival in foods. Workshop “Modelling microbial growth in mixed populations”. Wageningen, The Netherlands, 9-10 December, pp 221-223.

3.*De Cesare A., Manfreda G. (1998). Application of quantitative PCR to the analysis of Salmonella. Proceedings COST 914 “Predictive modelling of microbial growth and survival in foods”; workshop0 “Instrumental methods for data capture for advanced predictive microbiology”. Rocca di Bertinoro, Forlì (Italy), 15-16 May, pp 325-332.

4.◊Manfreda G., De Cesare A., Guerzoni M. E. (1999). Application of the Quantitative PCR to Salmonella risk assessment. Proceedings XIV European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat, Bologna (Italy), 19-23 September, pp. 627-635.

5.◊Manfreda G., De Cesare A. (1999). Recovery of Salmonella in broiler feed with diet containing a blend of protect organic and inorganic acids. Proceedings 12th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Veldhoven, The Netherlands, August 15-19. pp 54-57.

6.◊De Cesare A., Dambaugh T. R., Mangiaterra E., Cole E. M., Guerzoni M. E., Manfreda G., Franchini A. (2000). Identification and subtyping of Italian poultry industry isolates of Salmonella ser. Enteritidis, ser. Typhimurium and other serovars by automated EcoRI, PvuII and PstI ribotyping. Proceedings ASM, 100th General Meeting, Los Angeles (USA), 21-25 May 2000, p 520.

7.◊De Cesare A., Dambaugh T. R., Bruce J. L., Guerzoni M. E., Wiedmann M. (2000). Automated ribotyping with multiple enzymes to improve discrimination of L. monocytogenes, with particular focus on serotype 4b strains. Proceedings ASM, 100th General Meeting, Los Angeles (USA), 21-25 May 2000, p149.

8.Manfreda G., De Cesare A. (2000). Colonization control of Salmonella by protected organic and inorganic acids. CD Rom on abstracts and proceedings XXI World’s Poultry Congress. Montreal, Canada, 20-24 Agosto 2000.

9.◊De Cesare A., Manfreda G., Bondioli V., Pasquali F., Franchini A. (2001). Preliminary study on the characterization of multidrug resistance S. typhimurium strains by using automated ribotyping. Proceedings ASM, 101th General Meeting, Orlando (USA), 20-24 May 2001. p 157.

10.*De Cesare A., Manfreda G., Bondioli V., Franchini A. (2001). Isolation and genotyping characterization of Campylobacter strains isolated in poultry production. Proceedings XV European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat, Kusadasi (Turkey), 9-12 September, pp. 231-237.

11.*Manfreda G., De Cesare A., Bondioli V., Franchini A. (2001) Studi epidemiologici mediante RiboPrinter di ceppi di Campylobacter. XL Convegno della Società Italiana di Patologia Aviare Forlì 4-5 Ottobre. Large Animals Review 7 (6): 101-102.