Bubble the Letter of the Best Answer on Your Scantron

APESName ______

Mr. VandalayDate ______Per _____

Test: Air Pollution

Bubble the letter of the best answer on your scantron.

1. The predominant gas in earf’s dry atmosphere near sea level is
2. nitrogen
3. oxygen
4. argon
5. carbon dioxide
6. hydrogen

1. The layer of the atmosphere in which ozone is considered a pollutant is the
2. troposphere
3. stratosphere
4. mesosphere
5. thermosphere
6. ionosphere

For 3-7, choose from the following. An answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. lead
2. VOCs
3. carbon monoxide
4. NO/NO2/NOx
5. SO2

1. Once used in paint and as a fuel additive, it persists in the environment today causing nervous system problems, especially in young children
2. Formed in the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and in cigarette smoke, it can cause headache, dizziness, lethargy, and death
3. Found in solvents, paints, paint thinners, and gasoline, it causes headache, dizziness, etc.; also a natural product of some tree species; is an ingredient in the formation of ground-level (tropospheric) ozone
4. by-product of burning coal and some oil, it can go on to produce acid deposition
5. by product of intense heat generated in automobile engines and industrial boilers; can go on to form acid rain and is an ingredient in the formation of ground-level (tropospheric) ozone

1. Which is false about brown-air smog?
2. the principal component is ozone
3. it is brown due to the presence of ozone
4. it begins with the formation of NO in the engines of automobiles and in industrial boilers
5. trees may contribute to it’s formation by emitting VOCs
6. it is worst on hot, sunny days in dry, congested cities

1. Industrial smog
2. can be dispersed by a thermal inversion
3. is caused in large part by the burning of gasoline in cars
4. is still a problem today in hot, dry, congested cities in the U.S.
5. can be identified by the colorful presence of NO2
6. can be greatly reduced locally by installing tall smokestacks

1. Smog isreduced most by
2. the presence of buildings
3. high temperatures
4. confining industry to valleys
5. wind and rain
6. the grasshopper effect
7. the presence of Chuck Norris

1. Which is false?
2. Acid deposition is formed when NO2 reacts with water to form nitric acid
3. Acid deposition is formed when SO3 reacts with water to form sulfuric acid
4. Acid deposition can occur as dry deposits of materials such as ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4
5. “natural” rain, being water, is neutral (pH=7)
6. Acid depositioncan be a problem in areas many miles away from the source

1. Generally, rain is most acidic in
2. the far western U.S.
3. the Midwestern U.S.
4. the southeastern U.S.
5. the OhioValley and northeastern U.S.
6. the Triad area of North Carolina

1. Acid deposition does all of the following except
2. enhance long term soil nutrients with the addition of nitrogen and sulfur
3. attack statues, monuments, and car finishes
4. leach heavy metals and aluminumfrom soil into drinking water and bodies of water
5. increase the disease susceptibility (and thus death) of plants
6. irritate the respiratory system of animals (including humans) and decrease visibility

1. Which of these is an effort to clean up acid deposition damage?
2. remove SO2 and NOx from smokestacks
3. use less coal
4. use more renewable energy
5. add lime/limestone (calcium carbonate) to lakes
6. tax SO2 emissions

1. Which is false?
2. air pollution indoors is oftenworse than air pollution outdoors
3. most people in developed countries spend the majority of their time indoors
4. a building is “sick” if 20% of its inhabitants experience symptoms such as headache, itchy, watery eyes, breathing difficulty, coughing, etc. that abate when they leave the building
5. the worst indoor air pollutant in developing countries is smoke
6. compared to older buildings, modern buildings tend to have very few problems with indoor air pollutants due to decreased presence of chemicals and better ventilation

1. Which of these is not one of the four worst indoor air pollutants in developed countries?
2. cigarette smoke
3. formaldehyde
4. Rn-222
5. Ultrafine particles
6. O3

1. Rn-222 is NOT
2. a natural substance
3. an alpha particle emitter
4. likely responsible for a significant percentage (10-20?) of lung cancer cases
5. detectable in the home
6. found in the wrinkle-free coatings on clothing

1. Which is false about the U.S. Clean Air Act?
2. It has done little to improve the air quality; air pollution is worse now than in 1970
3. It requires the EPA to establish NAAQS for 6 outdoor air pollutants
4. It requires thousands of industrial units to report their releases of certain pollutants
5. SO2 has gone down, but Hg and dioxin concentrations have gone up
6. It helped spawn the emissions trading policies that began in the 1990s

1. Which of these is NOT a way Miller suggests we could improve the Clean Air Act?
2. Pollution cleanup should be emphasized
3. CAFÉ standards should be higher
4. 2 cycle engines should be phased out
5. Emissions from ships and airports should be regulated
6. Enforcement penalties should be reduced to let the marketplace determine when, how, and how much to reduce air pollution

1. Cap-and-trade emissions programs
2. allow, in essence, utilities to buy, sell, and trade pollution-producing rights
3. require the government to determine how to best reduce emissions with limits and penalties (command and control)
4. penalize old, dirty power plants with hefty fines
5. use reliable data from extensive government monitoring of plants
6. have been a complete failure with SO2 and NOx increasing since the 1980s

1. The output control method that works something like a vacuum cleaner is the
2. electrostatic precipitator
3. baghouse filter
4. cyclone separator
5. wet scrubber
6. illudium PEW-36 explosive space modulator

1. Miller suggests that control of indoor air pollutants can be accomplished by all of these except
2. setting stricter emissions/usage standards for formaldehyde
3. banning cigarette smoking
4. decrease infiltration of polluted outdoor air by tightly sealing doors and windows
5. using less harmful cleaning supplies, low VOC paints, and other products
6. preventing radon infiltration

1. It would be worst to work outside on a code _____ day.
2. green
3. yellow
4. orange
5. red
6. purple

1. Which of these is not correctly paired with an anthropogenic source?
2. sulfur dioxide…coal burning and smelting
3. SPM…coal burning, construction, agriculture
4. Mercury…coal burning, waste incineration and destruction, fluorescent light bulbs
5. VOCs…trees, paints, solvents
6. CO2…burning fossil fuels, decay of plants, clearing of land

1. A thermal inversion (temperature inversion)
2. is when a warmer layer of air rests above a cooler layer
3. occurs most often in sprawling, flat areas such as the Midwest of the U.S.
4. can help disperse smog
5. can be caused by a dome of low pressure over an area
6. can be made worse by sunny, windy conditions

1. Miller suggests reducing pollution from coal by
2. burning low sulfur coal
3. reducing taxes on coal emissions and letting the coal industry use the saved money to develop pollution-prevention technology
4. using more coal in foreign countries
5. Letting old-style, efficient coal fired power plants operate in a free market
6. Banning the use of coal synfuels

For 27-29, choose from the following. An answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. Asian Brown Cloud
2. London Smog Disaster
3. Donora, PA
4. Los Angeles, California smog disaster of 2003
5. Chernobyl, Ukraine

1. A huge accumulation of industrial smog visible with satellites
2. Occurred in 1952, killed 4,000-12,000 people, led to passing of clean air act a few years later
3. Occurred in 1948, killed about 20 people and sickened thousands

1. Which of these is currently an anthropogenic cause of global warming?
2. increased volcanic activity
3. increased solar input
4. increased rate of continental drift
5. increased frequency of meteor strikes
6. increased tropospheric concentration of carbon dioxide

1. Which of these is not used by scientists for evidence of climate change?
2. cores of ice and aquatic sediment
3. the account of the Noahic Flood found in the Bible
4. direct measurement of temperature
5. direct measurement of greenhouse gas concentration
6. measurements from satellites

1. Which of these is not true of the greenhouse effect?
2. it is a natural and necessary part of life as we know it
3. without it, earth would be considerably colder
4. it is the result of certain gases absorbing sunlight as it enters the atmosphere and then reradiating that heat with a higher energy
5. it occurs in the troposphere
6. enhancing it at the hands of mankind is called global warming or climate change

1. The anthropogenic greenhouse gas that is of most concern due to its concentration is _____ while the one of most concern due to its warming power is _____?
2. Water…water
3. carbon dioxide (CO2)…CFC
4. methane (CH4)…carbon dioxide
5. dinitrogen oxide (N2O)….methane
6. chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs)…carbon dioxide

1. Which greenhouse gas is not properly paired with its anthropogenic source(s)?
2. Carbon dioxide—burning of fossil fuels
3. Methane—cattle ranching and rice cultivation
4. Dinitrogen oxide—bacterial action on fertilizer
5. CFCs—refrigerators and air conditioners
6. sulfur dioxide—burning of coal

1. An anthropogenic source of methane is
2. landfills
3. deforestation
4. aerosol cans
5. burning gasoline
6. hydrogen-fuel cars

1. The possible rise in sea level as a result of global warming would be caused primarily by
2. the melting of icebergs
3. the melting of arctic and Antarctic ice caps
4. the melting of mountain ice
5. thermal expansion of the oceans
6. the excessive rain that is projected to fall
7. the abundance of tears from the eyes of Al Gore

1. The temperature of the earth’s surface has risen approximately _____oC/_____oF over the past 150 years or so.
2. 0.6/1.1
3. 6/11
4. 5/9
5. 25/45
6. 1/2
7. 0/0—it’s all a bunch of hogwash

1. The melting of glaciers
2. will lead to the extinction of polar bears
3. increases the earth’s albedo
4. is apparent from satellite data
5. leads to a negative feedback loop causing even more warming
6. has already caused tsunamis when huge chunks of ice drop into the water

1. Which is false about the oceans?
2. they absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide
3. they distribute global heat via warm ocean currents that flow toward the poles and cold currents that flow toward the equator
4. if the earth warms up, they may actually bring the temperature back down via a negative feedback loop by absorbing more CO2
5. global climate would be effected dramatically if ocean currents are altered
6. according to the IPCC, their levels will rise anywhere from several inches to 35 inches

1. Which of these is true about cloud cover and outdoor air pollution as they pertain to global warming?
2. the types of both cloud cover and outdoor air pollutants that will form in a warmer future are well understood by climatologists and well-handled by computer models
3. clouds may cool the earth if they form as thick, low-level stratus clouds that block the sun or warm the earth if they form as high level cirrus clouds
4. pollutants such as sulfate aerosols warm the atmosphere and ones such as soot cool it
5. climatologists expect sulfate aerosols to play a major role in future climate as their concentrations are increasing, especially in developed countries where clean air acts do not address them
6. photochemical smog will likely decrease in a warmer world

1. Which of these is generally not considered a possible impact of a warmer world?
2. a decrease in crop yields
3. a shift in crop growing regions
4. loss of biodiversity
5. decreased beach erosion
6. increased number of environmental refugees

1. Which of these is generally not considered a possible impact of a warmer world?
2. habitat loss
3. extinction
4. salt water intrusion
5. increase in water quality
6. increased populations of generalist species

1. You are traveling in a desert and have a half tank of gas as you approach a gas station. The towns are few and far between, and you can’t be certain when you will be able to get more gas. The next station could be well within your driving range, or perhaps not. You decide to stop and get gas now. You are practicing
2. The wait and see principle
3. The precautionary principle
4. The paranoia principle
5. Gaia Theory
6. The Principle of Prior Appropriation

1. Which of these would NOT be a view espoused by a conservative-minded cornucopian?
2. “The economic costs of dealing with global warming by lowering greenhouse gas concentrations are greater than the potential benefits.”
3. “The United States should sign on to the Kyoto Treaty because we caused the majority of the pollutants that are causing global warming.”
4. “We need to do more research on global warming before we do anything.”
5. “Any lowering of greenhouse gas concentrations should be based on economic incentives that allow the marketplace to determine the best way to accomplish it rather than on restrictive laws and taxation.”
6. “Al Gore is a friggin moron.”

1. Which of these is not a PREVENTION strategy for reducing greenhouse gas concentration?
2. increase efficiency of devices that rely on fossil fuel use
3. reduce deforestation
4. repair natural gas piplelines
5. use more sustainable agriculture techniques
6. plant trees

1. Which of these would NOT be a view espoused by a liberal-minded neomalthusian?
2. “We should tax CO2 emissions.”
3. “CO2 should not be classified as a pollutant.”
4. “The government should subsidize the development of renewable (green) forms of energy instead of fossil fuels.”
5. “We should share renewable energy technology with developing counties so they can develop while not contributing too much to global warming.”
6. “George W. Bush is a friggin idiot.”

1. Which of these chemicals most directly destroys the ozone molecule?
2. CFCs
3. Halons
4. Cl
5. CCl4
6. UV

1. Which is false about CFCs?
2. Though generally nonreactive, they are flammable
3. They were (are) used in refrigerators, aerosol cans, and in foam for packing
4. They are nontoxic and not corrosive
5. They persist in the stratosphere for many decades to several hundred years
6. They are manmade

1. Depletion of the ozone layer/depleted ozone
2. occurs in the troposphere
3. occurs over the tropics where the sun shines most intensely
4. spreads over parts of the southern hemisphere in December, January, and February after the breakup of the antarctric polar vortex
5. is facilitated by the collection of ODCs on ice crystals gathering in the polar vortex
6. occurs over the southern hemisphere moreso than the northern

1. Which of these involved the deepest cuts in ODC use and production?
2. The Montreal Protocol
3. The Copenhagen Protocol
4. The Clean Air Act
5. The Kyoto Protocol/Treaty
6. The Treaty of Versailles

1. What do the thinning of the ozone layer and global warming have in common?
2. Absolutely nothing
3. CFCs
4. CO2
5. The layer of the atmosphere in which they occur
6. The Kyoto Protocol

1. Ozone depletion has led to or can lead to
2. an increase in sunburn, cataracts, and skin cancer
3. slower plant growth and lower crop yield
4. an acceleration of global warming
5. a decreasing aquatic life
6. an increase in photochemical smog