Biotechnology and Mutations
1._____The diagram above shows the process of recombinant DNA technology.
According to this diagram, segments of DNA can be cut using ______.
/ B. / plasmids
/ C. / bacterial cells
/ D. / vectors
2. ______Which of the following is an example of gene splicing?
/ A. / a mutation that occurs during meiosis results in a chromosomal abnormality/ B. / a genetically identical copy of an entire organism is produced through cloning
/ C. / a segment of human DNA is inserted into the DNA sequence of a bacterium
/ D. / two human chromosomes pair
3. _____Some types of crops have been genetically-engineered to resist certain types of diseases and pests. How might these genetically-engineered crops impact the environment?
/ A. / They will help the environment by causing pest species to become extinct./ B. / They will harm the environment by introducing synthetic genes into other plants.
/ C. / They will help the environment by allowing farmers to use fewer pesticides.
/ D. / They will harm the environment by promoting slash and burn agriculture.
4. ______Gene therapy is an artificial means of altering genetic material. Why might gene therapy be performed?
/ A. / to try to cure a genetic disorder/ B. / to try to break a bad habit
/ C. / to try to produce a negative effect
/ D. / to try to become more emotionally stable
Write your response here:
(show your work)
5. ______ Genetic disorders are caused by the insertion, deletion, or alteration of segments of DNA. However, in order for scientists to be able to determine which genes are faulty, they must first know the normal sequences of DNA. In 1990, an international effort began to analyze the human DNA sequence.
What is the name given to this global research that was completed in 2003?
/ B. / The National Institute of Health
/ C. / The Geneva Conference
/ D. / The Human Genome Project
6. _____Advances in biotechnology, especially regarding genetic testing and gene therapy, now allow for the screening and possible treatment of many genetic disorders. During gene therapy, for example, specific gene sequences are inserted into an individual's cells and tissues to replace a defective or mutant allele.
What have scientists found to be the most efficient and effective way to insert new sequences into an individual?
/ B. / Scientists irradiate genes so that they can be absorbed through the skin.
/ C. / Scientists use viruses to insert specific gene sequences.
/ D. / Scientists have created genetically altered foods that release DNA during digestion.
7. _____How do mutations lead to genetic variation?
/ A. / by changing the organism's appearance/ B. / by producing random changes in an organism's genetic code
/ C. / by changing the organism's behavior
/ D. / by changing the way that the organism reproduces
8. ______is a source of genetic variation that involves the swapping of sections of chromosomes during meiosis.
/ A. / Crossing over/ B. / Translation
/ C. / Transcription
/ D. / Fertilization
9. ____Organisms are able to reproduce either sexually or asexually. Which of the following statements is true of these reproductive processes?
/ A. / The sorting of genes during sexual reproduction results in a large amount of genetic variation./ B. / During every cell division in sexual reproduction, the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.
/ C. / The sorting of genes during asexual reproduction results in a large amount of genetic variation.
/ D. / During every cell division in asexual reproduction, the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.
10. _____The diagram below illustrates a process that can occur during cell division and results in an alteration in the composition of a chromosome. Each letter in the diagram represents a specific gene on the chromosome.
The diagram shows that a part of the chromosome is left out and the resulting chromosome is shorter than normal. This known as
/ A. / chromosome nondisjunction./ B. / chromosome inversion.
/ C. / chromosome deletion.
/ D. / chromosome translocation.
11. ______The chart below shows the codons that make up the genetic code and the sequence of nucleotides that corresponds to them.
A mistake during DNA replication leads to a mutation in the nucleotide sequence shown below.
This mutation results from the insertion of two nucleotides into the original sequence, which causes the reading frame of the sequence to change. This kind of mutation is known as
/ A. / a chromosomal mutation./ B. / a nonsense mutation.
/ C. / a silent mutation.
/ D. / a frame shift mutation.
A codon is a set of three nucleotides that correspond to a specific amino acid. The table below shows various DNA codons and their corresponding amino acids.
Amino Acid / DNA Codon(s)Alanine / GCT, GCC, GCA, GCG
Arginine / AGA, AGG, CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG
Asparagine / AAT, AAC
Aspartic Acid / GAT, GAC
Cysteine / TGT, TGC
Glutamic Acid / GAA, GAG
Glutamine / CAA, CAG
Glycine / GGT, GGC, GGA, GGG
Histadine / CAT, CAC
Isoleucine / ATT, ATC, ATA
Leucine / CTT, CTC, CTA, CTG, TTA, TTG
Lysine / AAA, AAG
Methionine (Start) / ATG
Phenylalanine / TTT, TTC
Proline / CCT, CCC, CCA, CCG
Serine / TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT, AGC
Threonine / ACT, ACC, ACA, ACG
Tryptophan / TGG
Tyrosine / TAT, TAC
Valine / GTT, GTC, GTA, GTG
Stop / TAA, TAG, TGA
12. ______ In the DNA strand below, two nucleotides were reversed during replication.
What will happen when the replicated DNA strand is translated into proteins?
/ A. / The same protein, isoleucine, will be formed./ B. / Tyrosine will be formed instead of isoleucine.
/ C. / Nothing will happen.
/ D. / No proteins will be formed at all.
13. ______What is occurring in the diagram below?
/ A. / Segments of DNA are crossing over./ B. / Alleles are independently assorting.
/ C. / Genes are replicating.
/ D. / Sister chromatids are separating
14. _____A genetic mutation that causes a codon that should code for a specific amino acid to be changed into a stop codon results in a shortened protein product and is known as
/ A. / a nonsense mutation./ B. / a chromosomal mutation.
/ C. / a silent mutation.
/ D. / a frame shift mutation
15. ____When environmental conditions change, it is more likely that at least some members of a species will survive if
/ A. / the members are genetically identical./ B. / the species requires very specific environmental conditions.
/ C. / the species reproduces asexually.
/ D. / there is variation among the members.