ECOLOGY

CHAPTER 24AND 25

P.633-662

BIOSPHERECOMPOSED OF ALL REGIONS OF THE EARTH THAT CONTAIN LIVING THINGS

  • MADE UP OF ECOSYSTEMS(THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANISMS IN A COMMUNITY AND THEIR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT)
  • LIVING THINGSBIOTIC FACTORS
  • NONLIVING THINGSABIOTIC FACTORS(TEMPERATURE, SUNLIGHT, RAINFALL, SOIL, WEATHER, FRESH OR SALT WATER)
  • BIOMESTERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC (WHERE CERTAIN ORGANISMS LIVE)

KEY VOCABULARY TERMS

  1. POPULATIONA GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAMESPECIES LIVING IN THE SAME AREA
  2. COMMUNITYA GROUP OF POPULATIONS LIVING IN THE SAME AREA
  3. HABITATTHE TYPE OF PLACE WHERE AN ORGANISM LIVES
  4. NICHETHE ROLE OF AN ORGANISM IN AN ECOSYSTEM
  5. LIMITING FACTORSOMETHING THAT MAKES IT DIFFICULT FOR AN ORGANISM TO LIVE, GROW, OR REPRODUCE IN ITS ENVIRONMENT

ORGANISMS WITHIN ECOSYSTEMS

  1. PRODUCERSTHE BASE OF THE PYRAMID (BIOMASS, ENERGY, NUMBER), FIRST TO INCREASE IN POPULATION SIZE
  2. CONSUMERSHERBIVORES (PRIMARY), CARNIVORES(SECONDARY), OMNIVORES (BOTH PLANT AND ANIMALS)
  3. DECOMPOSERSTAKE IN DEAD ORGANIC MATTER, MOST ARE MICROSCOPIC (BACTERIA), COMPOSTING

*EXIST IN FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS WITHIN AN ECOSYSTEM*

TERRESTRIAL BIOMESp.652-659

  • BASED UPON DOMINANT PLANTS

  1. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST250cm (RAINFALL)
  • GREATEST DIVERSITY OF LIFE (PLANT AND ANIMAL)50%
  • THICK CANOPY OF TREES
  • LITTLE TEMPERATURE/DAY LENGTH VARIATION
  1. SAVANNA30cm
  • TROPICAL GRASSLANDS
  • LARGEST HERBIVORES
  • 3 SEASONS (COOL/DRY, HOT/DRY, WARM/RAINY)
  1. DESERTSUNDER 25cm
  • CACTI, LOW SHRUBS
  • LACK OF PRECIPITATION
  • EXTREMES IN TEMPERATURE
  1. CHAPARRAL25cm
  • SHRUBS
  • PERIODIC FIRES
  • HOT AND DRY
  1. TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS25-75cm
  • AGRICULTURAL CROPS
  • MIDWESTERN U.S., RUSSIA
  1. TEMPERATE FORESTS75 cm
  • DECIDUOUS TREES
  • 4 SEASONS
  • EASTERN U.S.
  1. TAIGA30-75cm
  • CONIFEROUS FOREST
  • MAINLY SNOW
  • HARSH WINTERS
  1. TUNDRAUNDER 25cm
  • LICHENS AND MOSSES ARE THE DOMINANT PRODUCERS
  • ABOVE THE TREE LINE ON MOUNTAINS
  • COLDEST (PERMAFROST)

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSIONTHE GRADUAL, SEQUENTIAL REGROWTH OF A SPECIES WITHIN AN ECOSYSTEM

  1. PRIMARYDEVELOPMENT OF A COMMUNITY WHERE NONE EXISTED (BARE ROCK, SAND, VOLCANIC ASH)

  1. SECONDARYOCCURS AFTER A DISRUPTION (NATURAL DISASTER)

RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN ECOSYSTEMS

(OTHERWISE KNOWN AS SYMBIOSIS)

1. MUTUALISMBOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT

EXAMPLEPLANTS AND THEIR INSECT POLLINATORS

2. PARASITISMONE ORGANISM LIVES OFF ANOTHER (HOST)

EXAMPLEMOSQUITOES BITEANIMALS

3. COMMENSALISMONE ORGANISM BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS NOT HARMED

EXAMPLEWHALES WITH BARNACLES THAT LIVE ON THEM FOR NUTRIENTS

AQUATIC BIOMES

  • LIMITING FACTORSMAINLY DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND LIGHT
  • DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS ARE AFFECTED BY LIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND PRODUCERS(PHYTOPLANKTON)

OCEANIC ZONES

  1. PHOTICENOUGH LIGHT (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
  2. APHOTICNOT ENOUGH LIGHT
  3. INTERTIDALHIGH TO LOW TIDE (SPONGES, CLAMS, MUSSELS)
  4. NERITICSHALLOW WATER OVER CONTINENTAL SHELF (SHARKS, SHRIMP, VARIOUS FISH)
  5. OCEANICOPEN OCEAN
  6. PELAGICOPEN OCEAN W/O SEAFLOOR
  7. BENTHICSEAFLOOR
  8. ABYSSALPART OF BENTHIC, NO LIGHT

NUTRIENT CYCLES

  1. CARBON CYCLETAKING OF CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO BE UTILIZED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS (CARBON FIXATION)

  1. NITROGEN CYCLEBACTERIA TAKING NITROGEN OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE (78%) AND MAKING IT INTO A USABLE FORM
  2. NITROGEN FIXATIONNITROGEN GAS TO AMMONIA (FOR PLANTS)
  3. NITRIFICATIONAMMONIA TO NITRATE OR NITRITE(FOR PLANTS)
  4. DENITRIFICATIONNITRATE BACK TO NITROGEN GAS

*ALL 3 TYPES OCCUR DUE TO

BACTERIAL ACTION