Biology Study Guide 2nd Semester Exam
Chapters 19-22, 26-28, 30-32
1. Be able to recognize the three shapes of bacteria.
2. How are prokaryotic bacteria identified / classified?
3. Bacteria are sometimes called nature’s recyclers because they ______nutrients in dead matter.
4. Bacteria that break down nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by plant roots are called ______.
5. All viruses are made of proteins and ______.
6. The population of small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean is called ______.
7. All fungi ______their food.
8. A mushroom is a fungal ______.
9. Fungi that absorb food from decaying organic matter are called ______.
10. A plant is a ______cellular, ______karyote.
11. Seed-bearing plants differ from all other plants in that their gametes ______for fertilization to occur.
12. The gametophytes of gymnosperms live inside reproductive structures called ______.
13. The 4 groups of gymnosperms are: ______, ______, ______, & ______.
14. Angiosperms produce seeds inside protective structures called ______.
15. The # of seed leaves distinguishes ______classes of ______.
16. List the differences between monocots & dicots.
17. Pollen grains are produced by ______reproductive structures.
18. In angiosperms, reproduction takes place in ______.
19. In an angiosperm, pollen grains are produced in the ______. (Chapter 24)
20. Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have ______.
21. What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell?
22. List the major characteristics of animals.
23. Only 5 % of all animals have ______.
24. Many small aquatic organisms move oxygen & carbon dioxide through their skin by the process of ______.
25. When an animal’s environment changes, sexual reproduction improves a species’ ability to ______. (Change with time)
26. An animal that has distinct right & left sides show ______symmetry.
27. Organisms that spend their entire lives attached to one spot are said to be ______.
28. Many sponges protect themselves from predators by producing ______.
29. Cnidocytes help a cnidarian survive by ______prey.
30. Which animals are the simplest animals to have body symmetry?
31. What two functions do nematocysts perform?
32. Food enters a flatworm’s body cavity through a muscular tube called a(n) ______.
33. Some flatworms have clusters of nerve cells that control the nervous system. Each cluster is called a(n) ______.
34. How many openings does the digestive system of a roundworm have?
35. In earthworms, food is ground into small pieces in the ______.
36. The body of a(n) ______has segments.
37. The thin layer of tissue that covers a mollusk’s body is called the ______.
38. The spade-shaped burrowing structure of one group of mollusks & the tentacles of another group are both modifications of the ______.
39. What does molting enable arthropods to do?
40. Arthropods are classified based on the # and structure of their ______& ______.
41. The easiest way to tell whether an arthropod is an insect of a spider is to ______.
42. The respiratory organ in terrestrial chelicerates is the ______.
43. List the body sections of an insect.
44. In an echinoderm, the structure that operates like a living suction cup is the ______.
45. In chordates, the long supporting rod that runs through the whole body is called the ______.
46. A vertebrate is a chordate that has a ______.
47. Most fishes are characterized by three characteristics… List them.
48. In most fishes the structures that are moist important for obtaining oxygen from water are the ______.
49. The organ that adjusts the buoyancy of many bony fishes is the ______.
50. Most amphibians exist as ______larvae that breathe with ______and as ______adults that breathe with ______.
51. In a frog, the cavity through which digestive wastes, urine, eggs or sperm leave the body is the ______.
52. What is the function of a frog’s tympanic membrane?
53. In what way is the body plan of a snake different from that of a typical reptile?
54. How do snakes locate their prey?
55. What is the difference between a reptile egg and an amphibian egg?
56. What is an endotherm?
57. The largest order of birds consists of ______.
58. How can you look at a bird’s beak and tell what it eats? List examples.
59. What characterizes mammals (List at least 3 characteristics).
60. To determine whether a vertebrate is a bird of a mammal, it would be useful to know if it has ______.
61. What organ is used to feed newborn mammals?
62. Describe the mammalian circulatory system.
63. ______are egg-laying mammals.
64. What is a marsupium?
65. What is the function of the placenta?
66. Primates have opposable ______, ______vision, & a well developed ______.
67. What is meant by bipedal locomotion?