Biology Honors Midterm Review 2012-13

Name: ______Period: ______Date:______

Biology Honors Midterm Review 2012-13

1.  When using the scientific method, why would a researcher use diagrams, tables, and graphs?

2.  Why is the analysis of data, gathered during a particular experiment, necessary?

3.  What should a student do if, after she designed and performed an experiment, the results were not what she predicted?

4.  What is the primary reason for including a control group when designing an experiment?

5.  In his theory, Lamarck suggested that organisms develop and pass on to offspring variations that they need in order to survive in a particular environment. In a later theory, Darwin proposed that changing environmental conditions favor certain variations that promote the survival of organisms. What does this show you about how theories can change?

6.  What could cause a widely accepted theory be changed?

7.  What property of the carbon atom allows it to bond with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom?

8.  Define each: inferences, variables, and hypothesis.

9.  Define theory:

10.  What are the characteristics of ALL living things?

11.  What are valence electrons?

12.  What are solutes? What are solvents?

13.  Name 3 properties of water that contribute to earth’s suitability as an environment for life.

14.  What properties of water make it the universal solvent?

15.  Is something with a pH of 5 an acid or a base? How about pH of 12?

16.  Define monosaccharide. What type of macromolecule is it (carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid)?

17.  What are the monomers and polymers of each type of macromolecule?

18.  Describe the functions of lipids in cells.

19.  Name the organic compound that contains only the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2:1.

20.  What element is found in all proteins but not found in carbohydrates and lipids?

21.  Name the bonds that join amino acids together.

22.  What is the function of nucleic acids? Name the 2 major types of nucleic acids,

23.  Name the 3 components of a nucleotide.

24.  What process breaks a disaccharide to produce two monosaccharide sugars?

25.  Lipases speed up the hydrolysis of oils and fats. When oils and fats are hydrolyzed they break down to produce ______?

26.  Name the major roles of proteins in living things.

27.  Describe the effects of pH and temperature on enzymes.

28.  Explain the relationship between a biological catalyst and a substrate.

29.  Enzymes are biological catalysts. How do they help speed up the rate of chemical reactions?

30.  What are reactants and products?

31.  Give 3 examples of sources that would provide information that is the most current and reliable for use in a research project.

32.  Name the 3 parts of the cell theory.

33.  How has the development of the electron microscope increase biologists’ knowledge of cells?

34.  The student added a hypertonic salt solution to the slide then observed a change in the cell. What change would the student observe to the cell and why?

35.  Describe the function of the mitochondria.

36.  What organelles are found only in plant cells? Only in animal cells? Name the organelles found in both.

37.  Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum called “rough”?

38.  Which type of microscope is used for observing live organisms?

39.  What type of microscope allows us to view smaller organelles, like ribosomes?

40.  What is the ‘control center’ of the cell?

41.  What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

42.  What is the role of the ribosome?

43.  What is the function of the cell membrane?

44.  Describe the process of active transport.

45.  What would happen to a cell surrounded by fresh water? Salt water? Why?

46.  How is energy released from an ATP molecule?

47.  Why is anaerobic respiration considered to be less efficient than aerobic respiration?

48.  In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of water result in six molecules of ______?

49.  During an experiment on photosynthesis, a student is collecting the gas given off from a plant. The plant is located in bright sunlight. What is the gas being collected?

50.  What happens to the plant’s production of sugars during photosynthesis, if carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from a plant’s environment?

51.  Name the reactants of photosynthesis.

52.  Describe the main purpose for the process of cellular respiration.

53.  Name the reactants and products for cellular respiration.

54.  During heavy exercise, the formation of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue and soreness. What type of anaerobic process is this?

55.  Why do plants appear to be green?

56.  What is the first step in photosynthesis?

57.  What would happen if carbon dioxide was removed from a plant’s environment?

58.  Plant structures are specialized to perform specific functions. A plant that has a large number of leaves would ______?

59.  What would happen if the xylem and phloem plants were damaged?

60.  What is the role of stomata in plants?

61.  What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?

62.  How many molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose?

63.  What organelle allows cellular respiration to take place?

64.  Living organisms are able to change materials into new forms and move needed material from one place to another. What process provides the energy needed to perform these activities?

65.  What happens during, G1, S, G2, and M phase? Which are parts of interphase?

66.  What happens during prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase?

67.  What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?

68.  What are some reasons that a cell stops growing during normal cell division?

69.  Define cancer. Why do the cells not stop dividing?

70.  Overexposure to UV radiation has been linked to skin cancer. What does the UV radiation do that could cause this relationship?

71.  Describe the role of CdK and cyclin proteins in cell.

72.  During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?

73.  Name the stages of the cell cycle and describe what happens at each stage.

74.  Draw a diagram of a chromosome and label the sister chromatids and centromere.

75.  Describe the events of each phase of normal mitotic cell division.

76.  The method most commonly used by bacteria and protists for reproduction is called ______.

77.  Why do chromosomes undergo crossing over in meiosis?

78.  The process of meiosis (spermatogenesis) creates male sperm cells. If the organism that produces these sperm cells has 46 diploid chromosomes in each of its somatic cells, how many chromosomes will be present in each of the sperm cells?

79.  Why is meiosis important for survival of many species?

80.  What process produces gametes?