BIOLOGY FALL SEMESTER REVIEW

*** = FOR SURE MENTIONED ON FALL SEMESTER FINAL!!!

Study vocabulary for a quick review!

CHAPTER 1 & SAFETY (BIOLOGY: THE STUDY OF LIFE):

1. What is the reaction to a stimulus?

  1. What is the study of standards for what is right and what is wrong?

3.***What is the information gathered from experiments?

4. ***What is the structured procedure for collecting information to test a hypothesis?

5. What is the application of science to the needs and problems of society?

6. What is a scientific explanation of known facts arrived at through repeated testing over time?

7. What is the part of an experiment in which all conditions are kept the same?

8. ***What are the steps commonly used by scientists in gathering information to test the hypotheses and solve problems?

9. ***What is a testable explanation for a question or problem?

10. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

11. What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

12. What is difference between the independent and dependent variables of an experiment?

13. What is biology?

14. Review the safety rules for the Biology Laboratory.

CHAPTERS 2 & 3 (PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY & COMMUNITIES AND BIOMES):

1. What is ecology?

2. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

3. ***How are evaporation and transpiration important to the water cycle?

4. Know major limiting factor of biomes…especially the Tundra.

5. The range of factors under which an organism functions and survives is known as what?

6. What is a large group of ecosystems characterized by the same type of climax community?

7. ***What is a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no succession?

8. The region of the ocean shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate is the what?

9. ***What is usually the stable result of succession?

10. The colonization of new sites by communities of organisms is which kind of succession?

11. What is the replacement of one community by another as environmental conditions change?

12. ***What is the relationship between organisms in which both organisms benefit?

13. What is the relationship between organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited?

14. What is the layer of Earth that supports life?

15. ***What feeds on dead organisms?

16. What manufactures food using energy from the sun or from chemical compounds?

17. What is the relationship between organisms in which one organism benefits at the expense of another?

18. What obtains energy and nutrients from autotrophs?

19. What breaks down dead organisms?

20. What are abiotic and biotic factors? Give some examples.

21. ***What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and it’s niche?

22. ***Explain the differences between the 2 types of succession.

23. What are pioneer species?

24. Know the major biomes.

25. ***Understand food chains and food webs.

26. ***Understand ecological pyramids.

27. ***Recognize the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.

28. Understand the range of tolerance curve.

CHAPTERS 4 & 5 (POPULATION BIOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION):

1. The number of species in an area is a measure of what?

2. Explain the difference between immigration and emigration.

3. ***What is the difference between logistic and exponential growth? How are their curves different?

4. What is demography?

5. Which biome has more biodiversity than any other terrestrial biome?

6. What is the biggest threat to biodiversity?

7. ***What are habitat corridors?

8. What is edge effect?

9. ***Bacteria employ a(n) _____ reproductive strategy.

10. ***Organisms that employ a strategy of slow reproduction usually require an environment thatis _____.

11. ***A population that grows until it reaches its carrying capacity usually has the shape of an _____.

12. ***What are density-independent factors?

13. ***What is carrying capacity?

14. Food, water, or shelter could be ______factors on the growth of a population.

15. The amount of biological diversity in an area is called ______.

16. Understand age structure diagrams.

17.***Know the differences in life-history patterns.

CHAPTERS 6 & 7 (THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE & A VIEW OF THE CELL):

1. Is water polar or nonpolar?

2. What is the difference between a mixture and a solution?

3. What are the reactants and products in a chemical reaction?

4. ***What are the main parts of an atom and where are they found?

5. ***Enzymes are a type of ______.

6. Two atoms that share electrons are held together by ______bonds.

7. The basic building blocks of proteins are ______.

8. ***What is a polymer?

9. ***Are carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins ALL polymers?

10. ***Which of the following can have a cell wall: plants, fungi, bacteria, animals?

11. ***What is dynamic equilibrium?

12. Diffusion continues until there is no ______.

13. ***Understand the pH scale.

14. ***A plasma membrane is made up of a(n) ______bilayer.

15. ***What is selective permeability?

16. What is the fluid mosaic model and why is it called this?

17. Where are the polar and nonpolar layers in the plasma membrane located?

18. How many layers of phospholipids are in the plasma membrane?

19. ***What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

20. ***Compare and contrast electron microscopes and compound light microscopes.

21. Who was the scientist who first described living cells as seen through a simple microscope?

22. ***All living things are made up of ______.

23. Who concluded that all plants are made of living cells?

24. Describe the motion phospholipids make in a plasma membrane.

25. What is the job of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

26. ***What structures are found in a plant cell, but not in an animal cell?

27. What structures are found in prokaryotic cells?

28. Which organelle sorts and transports substances?

29. ***Which structure of the cell maintains homeostasis?

30. Which organelle is the cell control center?

31. Which organelle makes ribosomes?

32. Which organelle digests substances?l

33. Which organelle is for temporary storage?

34. Which organelle produces energy in the form of ATP?

35. What is the difference between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum?

36. Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

37. ***List the 3 main ideas of the cell theory.

38. In plants, the structures that transform light energy into chemical energy are called ______.

39. What is metabolism?

40. What is a peptide bond?

CHAPTER 8 (CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND THE CELL CYCLE):

1. ***What is a hypotonic solution?

2. ***What is a hypertonic solution?

3. What is an isotonic solution?

4. What is osmosis?

5. ***What is passive transport?

6. ***What is active transport?

7. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

8. ***The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the _____.

9. ***As a cell grows, its _____ increases more than its surface area.

10. A chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber by the _____.

11. ***Know the 4 stages of mitosis and what occurs in each stage.

12. Recognize pictures of cells undergoing mitosis and be able to determine which phase of mitosis the cell is

representing.

13. ***Draw the cell cycle and know what occurs in each phase.

CHAPTER 9 (ENERGY IN A CELL):

  1. Which reaction of photosynthesis needs direct light to occur…light-independent reaction or light-dependent reaction?
  1. Is the Calvin cycle a common method of aerobic respiration?
  1. ***The energy a cell needs to build molecules or to power cellular respiration is supplied by ______.
  1. What happens after a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light?
  1. When electrons of a chlorophyll molecule are excited to a higher energy level, they enter an ______.
  1. The source of oxygen during photosynthesis is from ______.
  1. Which of the following is NOT part of cellular respiration: Glycolysis, electron transport chain, Krebs cycle, Calvin cycle–
  1. ***ATP releases energy when the ______between ______groups are broken.
  1. The ultimate source of energy for all life on Earth is the ______.
  1. The ______begins when a molecule of carbon dioxide is added to a 5-carbon compound and ends with 3-carbon sugars.
  1. ______serves as the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration.
  1. ______converts light energy to chemical energy.
  1. ***Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plant chloroplasts. It absorbs all wavelengths of light, EXCEPT ______.
  1. Where is the electron transport chain located in the light-DEPENDENT reactions?
  1. Which of the following processes is anaerobic- Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, electron transport chain?
  1. In the absence of oxygen, ______cells undergo fermentation to produce ethyl alcohol.
  1. Photosynthesis happens in ____ stages.
  1. ***What process does the following equation represent?

Carbon dioxide + water YIELDS glucose + oxygen gas

  1. Understand stage 1 and stage 2 of photosynthesis.
  1. At each step along the electron transport chain in light-dependent reactions, the electrons ______energy.
  1. This “lost” energy can be used to form ______from ADP or to pump ______ions into the center of the thylakoid.
  1. NADP can combine with two excited electrons and a hydrogen ion to become ______and will play an important role in the light-independent reactions.
  1. To replace the lost electrons, molecules of ______are split in a reaction called photolysis.
  1. If oxygen gas is not present, ______respiration occurs.
  1. If oxygen gas is present, ______respiration occurs.
  1. What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?
  1. Does glycolysis take place in both plants and animals?
  1. The anaerobic process of splitting glucose to form pyruvic acid is called ______.
  1. What partially accounts for a burning sensation and muscle fatigue after a long run?
  1. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

CHAPTERS 10 (MENDEL AND MEIOSIS):

  1. ***Write a homozygous dominant genotype using the letter G.
  1. ***Write a heterozygous dominant genotype using the letter G.
  1. ***Write a homozygous recessive genotype using the letter G.
  1. ***When a red flower and a white flower are crossed, a pink flower results. The trait for color in this flower exhibits ____.
  1. Was the trait expressed in the F1 generation in Mendel’s experiment considered dominant or recessive?
  1. ***When two P generation plants are crossed the resulting offspring are the ____ generation.
  1. ***Each version of a gene is called a(n) ____.
  1. The study of heredity is called ____.
  1. A graphic representation of a genetic cross is a ____.
  1. A ____ cross is mating that considers one pair of contrasting traits.
  1. ***The ____ generation consists of the first two individuals that are crossed in a breeding experiment.
  1. Did the F1 generation show the dominant, recessive, or both form(s) of the trait?
  1. The F2 generation in Mendel’s experiment was obtained by ____-pollinating the F1 generation.
  1. Did the F2 generation in Mendel’s experiment show the dominant, recessive, or both form(s) of the trait?
  1. List reasons why garden peas are good for studying heredity.
  1. ***An organism’s physical appearance is its ____.
  1. When two different alleles are present, the allele that is completely expressed is referred to as ____.
  1. When two different alleles are present, the allele that is NOT seen is referred to as ____.
  1. When two alleles of a particular gene are the same, it is ____ for that trait.
  1. When two alleles of a particular gene are different, it is ____ for that trait.

***For each of the Punnett square problems, answer the following:

  1. What is the phenotypic ratio?(Dominant: recessive)
  2. What is the genotypic ratio?(Homozygous dominant: Heterozygous: Homozygous recessive)
  3. How many offspring will show the recessive trait?
  1. Yellow is dominant to green for seed color in pea plants. Draw a Punnett square that shows a cross between two F1 generation plants. (2 heterozygous plants)

a.

b.

c.

22. Tall is dominant over short for height in pea plants. Show a cross between a

heterozygous plant and a homozygous recessive plant.

a.

b.

c.

  1. Round is dominant over wrinkled for seed shape in peas. Show a cross between a homozygous dominant plant and a heterozygous plant.

a.

b.

c.

24. Be able to distinguish which phase of meiosis a cell is in by looking at a picture representing a cell.

  1. When does crossing-over occur?
  1. An advantage of sexual reproduction is that it increases ______.
  1. How many gametes are produced by oogenesis (egg cell formation)?
  1. During meiosis I, one diploid cell divides to produce two ______cell(s).
  1. How many gametes are produced from spermatogenesis (sperm cell formation)?
  1. During meiosis II, one diploid cell divided to produce four ______cell(s).
  1. List the correct order of the stages of meiosis I.
  1. ***The process used to produce sex cells is called ______.
  1. When does the DNA replicate?
  1. What is the name of the process that occurs when two gametes unite or join together?
  1. ***______is a type of cell division used to produce a cell with half the number of chromosomes found in the original cell.

CHAPTER 11 (DNA AND GENES):

  1. ***Know the base pairs.
  1. ***What is the backbone of a DNA molecule made of?
  1. ***What did Watson and Crick first suggest?
  1. The chromosome abnormality that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome is _____.
  1. ***What is the process by which a DNA molecule is copied?
  1. Messenger RNA is formed in the process called _____.
  1. ***A DNA molecule is a polymer composed of subunits known as _____.
  1. What is a codon?
  1. Understand the process of translation and transcription.

CHAPTER 12 (PATTERNS OF HEREDITY AND HUMAN GENETICS):

  1. ***What is incomplete dominance?
  1. What is codominance?
  1. ***Understand pedigrees
  1. ***What is polygenic inheritance?
  1. ***What is sex linkage?

CHAPTER 13 (GENETIC TECHNOLOGY):

  1. What is gene therapy technology?
  1. ***What is gel electrophoresis used for?
  1. What is the Human Genome Project?
  1. What is a test cross?
  1. What is a linkage map?
  1. What is inbreeding?
  2. What are hybrids?

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