BIOLOGY Chapter 10: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis and Chapter 13 Gene Technology

NAME: ______#______

BIOLOGY Chapter 10: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis AND Chapter 13 – Gene Technology

GRIFFITH’S EXPERIMENTS

I. What caused Frederick Griffith to want to study the Streptococcus pneumonia bacterium? ______

______

II. Virulent = ______

III. Each virulent bacterium is surrounded by a capsule made of ______ that protects it from a body’s defense systems.

IV. Compare and contrast the “S” and “R” strains of pneumonia ______

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V. I. In YOUR OWN WORDS, describe the work Griffith did regarding his experiment of the “S” and “R” strains of pneumonia. (This is vital to your understanding of his work… In other words….. Do not leave this blank!). Minimum 5-6 sentences in order to receive full credit for this piece. Include the terms: transformation, mice, pneumonia, S strain, R strain.

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a. What did his work conclude? ______

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b. Transformation = ______

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Avery’s Experiments

I. What was Oswald Avery trying to test in his experiments? ______

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II. In YOUR OWN WORDS, describe the work Avery did regarding his experiments including the use of protease and RNase. Include in your summary how “S” and “R” cells were involved in his work. (This is vital to your understanding of his work… In other words….. Do not leave this blank!). Minimum 5-6 sentences in order to receive full credit.

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a. What did his work conclude? ______

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Hershey-Chase Experiment

I. What were Hershey and Chase trying to test in their experiment? ______

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II. In YOUR OWN WORDS, describe the work Hershey and Chase did regarding their experiments including the use of the radioactive isotopes (35S), (32P), and E. Coli. (This is vital to your understanding of his work… In other words….. Do not leave this blank!). Minimum 5-6 sentences in order to receive full credit.

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a. What did their work conclude? ______

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II. Bacteriophages (phages) = ______

Assignment:

Complete the following.

1. Why did heat kill Griffith’s S bacteria? ______

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2. What were the essential differences between the methods and results of Griffith and Avery’s experiments?

- Avery - ______

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- Griffith ______

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3. What might Hershey and Chase have concluded if they had found both 32P and 35S in the bacterial cells?

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4. In the box provided below, draw AND LABEL the parts of a bacteriophage (Reference page 486 in your textbook).

DNA DOUBLE HELIX

I. In YOUR OWN WORDS, summarize the work of Watson and Crick. Include in your response: X-ray diffraction, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins. In other words….. Do not leave this blank!). Minimum 4 - 5 sentences in order to receive full credit.

Underline each word used in your description!!!

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DNA NUCLEOTIDES

I. What are the subunits called that make up DNA? ______

II. Nucleotides = ______

III. Deoxyribose = ______

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IV. Nitrogenous base = ______

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V. Describe the appearance of a DNA molecule. Include in your response: what components make the “handrails”, how those components are held together, and how many pairs of nucleotides are include in each turn of the DNA helix.

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VI. In what direction do nitrogenous bases face in a DNA molecule? ______

VII. What type of bond connects the nitrogenous bases? ______

VIII. How many bonds hold the stands of DNA together? ______

Nitrogenous Bases

I. List the 4 types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA.

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

4. ______

II.Which nitrogenous bases connect to which ones? ______

COMPLEMENTARY BASES

I. Explain the contribution of Erwin Chargaff regarding nitrogenous bases. ______

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II. Base-pairing rules = ______

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III. Complementary pairs = ______

IV. What is unique about each complementary base pair______

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V. Base sequence = ______

HOW DNA REPLICATION OCCURS

I. DNA Replication = ______

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Steps of DNA Replication

I. Helicases = ______

II. Replication fork = ______

III. DNA polymerases = ______

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IV. Semi-conservative replication = ______

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V. In YOUR OWN WORDS, describe the steps involved in DNA replication. Include the following in your response: helicases, replication fork, DNA polymerases, semi-conservative replication, nucleotides, covalent bonds, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, hydrogen bonds, and cell division. Underline each word used in your description!!!

In other words….. Do not leave this blank!). Minimum 5 - 6 sentences in order to receive full credit.

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Action at the Replication Fork

I. In what direction does DNA synthesis occur? Explain your answer.

II. Ligase =______

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Replication

I. Explain the difference between replication in prokaryotic cells versus eukaryotic cells.

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DNA ERRORS IN REPLICATION

I. What is the enzyme responsible for “proofing” DNA? ______

II. Explain HOW the proofing enzyme makes corrections in nitrogenous base-pairing. ______

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III. When mistakes go uncorrected, what is the potential outcome? ______

IV. Name 2 ways in which DNA damage can occur.

1. ______

2. ______

V. Mutations that are not repaired can result in ______.

Assignment:

Respond to the following questions.

1. Why are there two DNA polymerases at one replication fork? ______

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2. Is a mutation that occurs during the formation of an egg cell or sperm cell more significant than a mutation that occurs in a body cell? Explain. ______

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3. How is the exact replication of DNA ensured? ______
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4. Read the article “DNA Repair and Skin Cancer” on page 203 of your textbook and answer the following questions.

1. How can errors during DNA replication lead to cancer? ______

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2. How does the DNA repair enzyme photolyase prevent skin cancer? ______

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3. What are “thymine dimers? ______

4. Would you buy a sunscreen that contains photolyase? Why or why not? ______

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FLOW OF GENETIC FORMATION

I. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) = ______

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II. Transcription = ______

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III. Translation = ______

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IV. Protein synthesis = ______

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RNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

I. What do DNA and RNA have in common? ______

II. Using the chart below, list the 4 differences between DNA and RNA

DNA / RNA
1. / 1.
2. / 2.
3. / 3.
4. / 4.

III. Using the chart below, list the 3 types of RNA and their roles in protein synthesis.

Type of RNA / Role in protein synthesis
1.
2.
3.

IV. Use the boxes below to illustrate mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. Label each kind.

TRANSCRIPTION

I. Transcription is the process by which the genetic instructions in a specific gene are transcribed or “______” into an ______molecule.

II. Transcription takes place in the ______of ______cells and in the ______-______ region in the cytoplasm of ______cells.

Steps of Transcription

I. RNA polymerase = ______

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a. Promotor = ______

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b. After ______ binds to the promoter, the DNA strands ______and ______.

II. RNA polymerase adds free ______ that are complementary to the nucleotides on one of the ______, resulting in a chain of an RNA molecule.

a. Just like in DNA replication, complementary base pairing determines the ______

______ in the newly made RNA.

b. UNLIKE DNA replication, transcription uses only a ______ region (a gene) on one of the two DNA strands to serve as the ______.

c. As RNA polymerase moves past, the separated DNA strands ______.

III. Termination signal = ______

a. As RNA polymerase reaches a ______, RNA polymerase ______both the ______and newly formed ______.

b. Name the 3 types of RNA that can be made during transcription discussed in your book.

1. ______3. ______

2. ______

THE GENETIC CODE

I. Genetic code = ______

______.

II. ______ are assembled based on instructions ______in the sequence of nucleotides in the ______.

III. Codon = ______

______.

IV. Explain how the genetic code is structured regarding nucleotides and amino acids. ______

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V. How many mRNA codons are there? ______

VI. What is significant about us knowing that the genetic code is nearly universal to life on Earth? ______

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VII. Codons often differ from one another by only ______ nucleotide.

VIII. A codon ______encode for more than one amino acid.

IX. Explain the significance of the codon “AUG”. ______

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X. “AUG” encodes for which amino acid? ______

XI.List the 3 sequences of nucleotides that represent “stop” codons.

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

XII. What is the job of the stop codons? ______

______.

TRANSLATION

I. Translation = ______.

II. What are the roles of proteins in our bodies? (If you cannot remember this from previous discussions, you may need to briefly research to refresh your memory.) Include at least 3 roles of proteins we need in order for our bodies to function properly. ______

______

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

Protein Structure

I. Which type of RNA is involved in translation (the making of proteins)? ______.

II.How many amino acids are found in living things? ______

III.The amino acid sequence determines how the ______ will twist and fold into the three-dimensional structure of the ______.

IV. What is the significance of the shape of a protein? ______.

V. The translation or ______ of the genetic instructions to form a polypeptide involves ______main steps.

Steps of Translation (5)

I. Using the table below, chart the steps involved in the process of translation. You may choose verbiage or illustrations to help you. Label components in your illustration.

Step / Process

Translating Many Ribosomes at Once

I. Contrast translation and transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. ______

______

______.

THE HUMAN GENOME

I. Genome = ______.

II.How many base pairs make up the 23 human chromosomes? ______

III. Discuss the importance of understanding the human genome? ______

______.

IV. Why is this information important for research on human disease? ______

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Assignment:

Complete the following questions.

1. How does the role of RNA polymerase in transcription differ from that of DNA polymerase in DNA replication? ______

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2. What amino acids would translation of the mRNA with the sequence UAACAAGGAGCAUCC produce?

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3. Discuss why it is important which of the two DNA strands serves as a template during transcription.

______

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4. How does the structure of tRNA relate to its function in translation? ______

______.

5. Circle the correct response in the following statement:

During transcription/translation DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA.

6. What is the purpose of the genetic code? ______

______.

7. From which organelle does the mRNA carry the genetic “message”? ______

8. To which organelle does the mRNA move the genetic “message”? ______

9. Which type of RNA is the main component of ribosomes? ______

10. Which type of RNA carries specific amino acids and aids in the process of forming polypeptides? _____

Thinking Critically

1. A segment of DNA has the following sequence: T-A-C-G-G-T-C-T-C-A-G-C. Write the mRNA transcript from this sequence of DNA. ______

2. Using the same sequence mentioned above, write the tRNA anticodons that would pair with the mRNA transcript. ______

3. Use Table 10-1 on Pg 207 to help you determine the names of the amino acids coded for by the mRNA transcript. ______

______

4. A. DNA molecule replicates to produce two new DNA molecules. Both of the two new DNA molecules then replicate to form four more new DNA molecules. Are any nucleotide chains from the original DNA present in the last four new DNA molecules? If so, how many? ______

5. List all codons in the genetic code that could be changed into a stop codon by a single nucleotide mutation. You may need to reference Table 10-1 on Pg 207 to help you. ______

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DNA Identification

About what percentage of human genetic material varies from person to person? ______

Steps in DNA Identification

Polymerase chain reaction = ______

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Cutting DNA: Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes = ______

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Sorting DNA by Size: Gel Electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis = ______

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Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA = ______

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Cloning Vectors

Clone = ______

Applications for DNA Technology

List at least 3 uses of DNA technology

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The Human Genome Project

Human Genome Project = ______

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Gene therapy = ______

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Cloning by nuclear transfer = ______

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Bioethics = ______

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