BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 VOCABULARY
Scientific Theories have a lot of data to support them from different branches but are not definitive, or often can never be definitive, they are in essence hypotheses with lots of supportive evidence
Scientific Laws have no evidence that disputes or calls into question their validity or predictive accurac
The Steps of the Scientific Method
Observe a phenomenon and pose a question.“What is the relationship between X and Y”?
Formulate a Hypothesis (an answer your question)-“I think that the relation ship between X & Y (direct/indirect relationship)”
Test Hypothesis-Most often we survey existent data (do research) but we can also…
Experiment -A Good Experimental design isolates variables using strictly defined parameters
The Controlled or Dependent Variable-is the thing you change
TheUncontrolledor IndependentVariable- is the thing that changes in response
Control Setup = Experimental Setup – Controlled Variable
Data Collection and Analysis -
We collect and display datea using Tables & Graphs,
We analyze data using Statistical instruments like mean median, mode
Conclusion-
A conclusion is a concise explanation as to whetheryour data supports or does not support yourhypothesis
Share your work- Scientists publish results and make sure they are replicable
The Metric System- is based on root 10 or decimal system
Important Suffixes to know
Kilo (k) = 1000
Deci (d ) = 1/10
Centi (c) = 1/100
Milli (m)= 1/1000
Micro(
Nano (n) = 1/1000000000
We measure the following quantities
Mass = grams g
Length = meter m
Temperature = oCelsius or Centigrade oC
Volume solid = meter3 Volume liquid = liter l
BiologyIS the study of life
Other Branches of Biology include...(this is a short, very incomplete list)
Biochemistry- macromolecules like proteins, lipid, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
Cytology- the study of cells, cell types , their structures and metabolism
Genetics- the study of inherited traits
Microbiology – the study of unicellular organism, archaebacteria eubacteria, protists and fungi
Evolution- the study of the change in species over time
Botany - plants
Zoology – animals
Ecology – the relationship between living and nonliving
The Characteristics of Living things (According to this book) CHHRRGM (CHARGEM!!!)
Homeostasis- the maintenance of a stable inte4rnal environment
Metabolism- the cycling of matter and energyReproduction- asexual v. sexual
Cells- uni v. multi, and prokaryotic v. eukaryotic
Heredity – pass traits form parent to offspring via DNA
Response- homeostasis, irritability, evolution
Growth and Development- cell division and cell differentiation
CHAPTER 18 TAXONOMY VOCABULARY
CARROLL LINNAEUS –the father of taxonomy
THE 3 DOMAINS –
ARCHAE- CHEMOSYNTHETIC ANCIENT BACTERIA-PROKARYOTE
BACTERIA – MODERN BACTERIA - PROKARYOTE
EUKARYA – EUKARYOTES INCLUDING THE 4 KINGDOMS= PROTISTA-FUNGI-PLANTAE –ANIMALIA
PROTISTA- UNICELL-AUTO AND HETEROTROPHS
FUNGI- MULTI AND U NICELL- HETEROTROPHS
PLANTAE- MULTICELL AUTOTROPHS
ANIMALIA- MULTICELL HETEROTROPHS
THE ORDER OF THE TAXONOMIC CLASSES –KINGDOM- PHYLUM-CLASS-ORDER –FAMILY- GENUS- SPECIES
SCIENTIFIC NAME Genus speciesHomo sapiens
CHAPTER 3 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE VOCABULARY
ATOMS
What makes up matter?
ATOM - matter is made up of atoms. An atom has a positively charged core surrounded by a negatively charged region.
Every living and nonliving thing is made of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
An atom is the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
NUCLEUS of an atom is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons.
ELECTRONS- Negatively charged electrons have little mass and move around the nucleus in a large region called the electron cloud.
ELEMENT is a substance made up of atoms that have the same number of protons.
PROTON– For example, each atom of the element carbon has six protons.
ISOTOPES– Atoms of an element may have different numbers of neutrons. These atoms are called isotopes of elements.
IONS – charged atoms that have lost or gained electrons
CHEMICAL BONDS
OCTET RULEChemical bonds form because most atoms become stable when they have eight electrons in the valence shell.
VALENCE ELECTRONS Electrons in the outermost level, or shell. Atoms tend to BOND so that eight electrons will be in the valence shell.
CHEMICAL BONDS -When atoms combine, a force called a chemical bond holds them together.
COMPOUND - When atoms of different elements combine, a compound forms. A compound is a made of the bonded atoms of two or more elements.
COVALENT BOND -One way that atoms bond is by sharingvalence electrons to form a covalent bond.
MOLECULE – a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. – A water molecule, H2O, oxygen atom covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms.
IONIC BONDS - Atoms can achieve a stable valence level by losing or gaining electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge.
ION an atom that has an electric charge because it has gained or lost electrons.– The attractive force between oppositely charged ions is an ionic bond.
POLARITY - Molecules with partial charges on opposite ends are said to be polar.
WATERIS POLARThe partially charged ends of polar molecules attract opposite charges. Because of this behavior, polar molecules can dissolve other polar molecules and ionic compounds, Water can dissolve sugar and salt. Nonpolar substances, such as oil, grease, and wax, do not dissolve well
PROPERTIES OF WATERMost of the unique properties of water result because water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other.
ICE IS LESS DENSE = FLOATS - the crystal structure formed due to hydrogen bonding makes ice less dense than liquid water.
LATENT HEAT - Water can absorb a large amount of heat without changing temperature. -helps organisms maintain a constant internal temperature.
COHESION- The attraction of particles of water . Cohesion keeps water from evaporating easily- water is a liquid at ordinary temperatures.
ADHESION- Water molecules also stick to other polar molecules.
SOLUTIONS- A solution is a mixture in which ions or molecules of one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance.
DISSOCIATION OF WATER water molecules break apart to form H+ and hydroxide ions in equal numbers.= pH 7
– Acids are compounds that form extra H+ ions when dissolved in water.
– Bases are compounds that form extra OH- ions when dissolved in water.
pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
– Each one-point increase in pH represents a 10-fold decrease in hydronium ion concentration.
– Pure water has a pH of 7. Acidic solutions have a pH below 7, and basic solutions have a pH above 7.
– The pH of solutions in living things must be stable. For a stable pH the solutions in living things contain buffers.
– A BUFFER is a substance that reacts to prevent pH changes in a solution.
CARBON Compounds BUILDING BLOCKS OF CELLS
POLYMERSLarge, complex biomolecules are built from a few smaller, simpler, repeating units arranged in an precise way.
BIOMOLECULES The parts of a cell are made up of large, complex molecules,
CARBON COMPOUNDS = ORGANIC COMPOUNDS- biomolecules contain carbon. Carbon atoms form covalent bonds with as many as four atoms.
CARBOHYDRATES Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy, structural materials, and cellular identification.
Carbohydrates are molecules made of sugars. A sugar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for many organisms, including humans. Chitin is found in the shells of insects and the cell walls of mushrooms.–Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants.
LIPIDS –POLYMERS OF FATTY ACIDS -The main functions of lipids include storing energy and controlling water movement.
Lipids includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. consist of chains of FATTY ACIDS
ENERGY STORAGE- The main purpose of fats is to store energy. Fats can store energy even more efficiently than carbohydrates.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS - CELL MEMBRANE is made of phospholipids. The structure of membranes depends on how this molecule interacts with water.
Waxes, found on the surfaces of plants and aquatic bird feathers, help prevent evaporation of water from the cells of the organism.
PROTEINS- POLYMERS OF AMINO ACIDSProteins are chains of amino acids that twist and fold into certain shapes that determine FUNCTION
Proteins are involved in structure, support, movement, communication, transportation, and carrying out chemical reactions.
A protein is a molecule made up of amino acids, building blocks that link to form proteins.
– Every amino acid has an amino group and a carboxyl group. Units of amino acids can form links called PEPTIDE BONDS
For each type of protein, amino acids are arranged in a specific order, the protein’s primary structure.
– The interactions of the various side groups may form coils and folds, the protein’s secondary structure.
– The overall shape of a single chain of amino acids is the protein’s tertiary structure.
– The quaternary structure is the overall shape that results from combining the chains to form proteins.
NUCLEIC ACIDS – DNA & RNA ARE POLYMERS OF NUCLEOTIDES ATP IS A NUCLEOTIDE TOO!!
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.A nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide units.
A nucleotide is a molecule made up of three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.
– Nucleotides of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, contain the sugar deoxyribose.
– Nucleotides of ribonucleic acid, or RNA, contain the sugar ribose. DNA molecules CARRY GENES act as “CODES FOR PROTEIN
– DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other. – RNA also interacts with DNA to help decode the information.
ATP – Energy is released in the reaction that breaks off the third phosphate group.
Other single nucleotides transfer electrons or hydrogen atoms for other life processes.
– Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is a nucleotide that has three phosphate groups and supplies energy to cells.
Section 4: Energy and Metabolism CHANGING MATTER
Matter is neither created nor destroyed in any change. This observation is called the law of conservation of mass.
Energy may change from one form to another, but the total amount of energy does not change. This is called the law of conservation of energy.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS Chemical reactions can only occur when the activation energy is available and the correct atoms are aligned.
During this process, bonds between atoms are broken, and new ones are formed.
REACTANT is a substance that is changed in a chemical reaction.
PRODUCT is a new substance that is formed.
CHEMICAL REACTION can only occur under the right conditions. To form new bonds, the particles must collide fast enough to overcome the repulsion between their negatively charged electron clouds.
ACTIVATION ENERGYof a reaction is the minimum kinetic energy required to start a chemical reaction. When the reactant particles collide, the correct atoms must be brought close together in the proper orientation.
BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS
ENZYMES -By assisting in necessary biochemical reactions, enzymes help organisms maintain homeostasis.
In living things, chemical reactions occur between large, complex biomolecules. Many of these reactions require large activation energies.
An enzyme is a molecule that increases the speed of biochemical reactions.
– Enzymes hold molecules close together and in the correct orientation.
- An enzyme lowers the activation energy of a reaction.
– Each enzyme has an active site, the region where the reaction takes place.
– The shape of the active site determines which reactants, or substrates, will bind to it. Each different enzyme acts only on specific substrates.
– Binding of the substrates causes the enzyme’s shape to change. This change causes bonds in the substrates to break and new bonds to form.
– Most enzymes need a certain range of temperatures and pH.
Cells get most of the energy needed for metabolism by breaking down food molecules.
The release of energy from food molecules occurs in a series of reactions using many enzymes to capture energy in the form of ATP molecules.
The enzymes reduce the activation energy so much that only a little energy is needed to start the reactions. In this process, very little energy is lost as heat.
CHAPTERS 4-5-6 ECOLOGY VOCABULARY
ECOLOGY Living things do not live in vacuums, their daily lives are based on interactions with both living BIOTIC and nonliving ABIOTIC components.
BIOSPHERE- all the areas of the earth occupied by organisms
BIOME- a specific area of the biosphere identified by climate elevation soil type and precipitation
ECOSYSTEM- Groups of populations and their physical environment
POPULATION – a group of organisms of the same species in an identifiable region that interbreed
SPECIES- organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring
AUTOTROPHS are producers that produce food through PHOTSYNTHESIS or CHEMOSYNHTESIS
HETEROTROPH are consumers that take in premade food.
Herbivores – animals that eat plants
Carnivores – animals that eat other animals
Omnivores – animals that eat plants and animals
Decomposers - bacteria and fungi, that break down dead organic waste.
Detritus - partially decomposed organic matter in the soil and water; beetles, earthworms, and termites are detritus feeders.
Consumers
Consumer Levels
Primary consumer – an organism that gets its energy from plants (producers)
Secondary consumer – an organism that gets its energy from primary consumers
Tertiary_ consumer – carnivores that eat other carnivores; a top-level consumer, usually the top predator in the food chain
ENERGY FLOW- The movement of energy through the organisms in ecosystem- Sun Producers consumers
As energy flows from autotrophs to heterotrophs MOST is lost as HEAT before the consumer can use it.
FOOD CHAIN - diagram that links organisms together by who eats whom
Starts with _plant life_ and ends with an animal_.Most food chains have no more than _4 or 5_ links
Arrows show the direction energy is flowing_EXAMPLE: grass zebra lion
FOOD WEB- Most consumers feed on and are eaten by more than one other organsim
A combination of several food chains showing all of the possible energy pathways
TROPHIC LEVEL All of the organisms that feed at a particular link of the food chain/web
Grazing food web – The upper portion of a food web based on a living plant as the FOUNDATION
Detrital food web –The lower portion of a food web based on detritus
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS- Only about 10% of energy is useable from one trophic level to the next
NUMBERS- The number organisms drastically DECREASE as you go up in level of a food chain
A series of blocks representing the biomass of particular organisms on a particular trophic level
BIOMASS -The amount of living material in the population of an organism
Biochemical cycles- The path by which important nutrients/molecules travel through an ecosystem.
3 Important Cycles: Water Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle
The Water Cycle
Water movement:
Land Atmosphere:Liquid Gas
EVAPORATION from rivers, lakes and oceans
TRANSPIRATION from plant
Atmosphere Land:Gas Liquid
PRECIPITATION over land and bodies of water
RUNOFF forms bodies of water (lakes, rivers, oceans)
Ground water SEEPAGE/INFILTRATION/PERCOLATION into aquifer
The Carbon Cycle CARBON MOVEMENT
Land/Water Atmosphere
RESPIRATION
COMBUSTION
Atmosphere Land/Water
PHOTSYNTHESIS
Dissolved CO2
** Carbon is stored as fossil fuels from decaying organisms.
The Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Movement:
Nitrogen Fixation BACTERIA found in legume roots converts N2 gas into _Ammonia (NH4)_
Decomposers_ break down waste and organic remains into _Ammonia (NH4)_
Nitrification bacteria convert ammonia into _Nitrite (NO2) and _Nitrate (NO3)_ to be used by plants
Denitrification Bacteria converts _ammonia_ back into Nitrogen gas (N2)
CHAPTER 7 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION VOCABULARY
The Cell Theory
Robert Hooke Observed cork (called them cells)
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek single-celled organisms"animalcules"
Matthias Schleiden All plants MADE of separate cells
The Cell Theory
1 All organisms composed of one or more cells
2. Cell is smallest living organizational unit
3. Cells arise only from division of other cells
Limitations to Cell Size
Faster passage through small cells
More efficient communication
Increase size, greater increase in volume -surface area
Interaction with outside occurs only at surface
THE STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS: AN OVERVIEW OF CELL STRUCTURE
The Plasma Membrane Surrounds the Cell- Phospholipid bilayer contains embedded protein
The Central Portion of the Cell Contains the Genetic Material
Genetic material in prokaryotes-Single, circular molecule of DNA
Genetic material in eukaryotes- Contained within the nucleus- Surrounded by two membranes
The Cytoplasm Comprises the Rest of the Cell's Interior- Cytoplasm is a semifluid matrix
Eukaryotes Are More Complex Than Prokaryotes
Key to organization is compartmentalization- Possess internal membrane-bound organelles
Golgi complex and lysosomes created by folding endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria and chloroplasts associated with cellular energy
Central vacuole in plants stores protein and wastes
Vesicles in animals store and transport many materials
Nucleus contains chromatin made of DNA and nucleolus
Cytoskeleton is an internal scaffold of proteins
Cell walls: cellulose/chitin fibers embedded in polysaccharides, proteins
THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF THE CELL
General Characteristics- Thin membranes not visible in light microscope
Divide interior into compartments
Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Rough ER: Manufacturer of Proteins for Export
Ribosomes assist manufacture of proteins
Aggregates of protein and RNA
Translate RNA copies of genes into proteins
Exported proteins contain signal sequences
Smooth ER: Organizer of Internal Activities
Lack ribosomes
Contain embedded enzymes
Detoxification, carbohydrate and lipid synthesis
THE NUCLEUS: INFORMATION CENTER FOR THE CELL
The Nuclear Envelope- Double layer of membranes, outer continuous with ER
The Chromosomes of Eukaryotes Are Complex
Contain hereditary information
Divided into chromosomes
associated with histone protein
Proteins Are Synthesized on the Ribosomes
Read mRNA to direct synthesis of protein
The Nucleolus - Location of ribosome synthesis