Thetakinginofheat,fluids,gasesornutrients(smallmolecules)byacell,throughitsmembrane.
Indigestion,thetakingin,bythebloodandlymphsystems(lacteals),oftheendproductsofdigestion(monosaccharides,aminoacids,fattyacids,glycerol,etc.).
absorption
Usuallyprecedesaprocess.TheseprocessesrequireenergyintheformofATP,whichisreleasedfromglucoseinthemitochondrionduringtheprocessofrespiration.Oxygenisusuallyrequired.
active
Thetakinginofmineralionsfromthesoilbytherootsofplants.ThisrequiresenergyintheformofATP.ThepresenceofoxygeninthesoilisalsorequiredforrespirationbytherootcellstoproducethenecessaryATP.
activeabsorption
Themovementofsubstances(solutesorions)fromaregionoflowconcentration(hypotonic)toaregionofhigherconcentration(hypertonic)againsttheconcentrationgradientthroughasemi-permeablemembrane(cellmembrane).
Itrequirestheuseofenergy(intheformofATP)by thecell.ATPisaproductofrespiration.Respirationusuallyrequiresoxygenandoccursinthemitochondria.
activetransport
Allcellsinthebodyarebathedinthisfluidcalled.Itissimilartobloodplasmabutwithouttheplasmaproteins.Substancesintheblooddiffusefromcapillariesintothefluidandthenintothecells.Cellularwasteproductsdiffuseinthereversedirection.
bodyfluid/extra-cellularfluid/tissuefluid
Forcewithwhichmoleculesofthesamesubstancesticktoeachother.
cohesion/cohesive
Mostacceptabletheoryofwatermovementthroughaplant.Basedoncohesiveforcesofwater,i.e.theforceofattractionbetweenwatermoleculesisgreatenoughtomaintainacontinuouscolumnofwater.
cohesion-tensionhypothesis/Dixon-Jolytheory
Theamountornumberofmoleculesofasolvent,whichisdissolvedinasolute.
concentration
Thedifferenceintheconcentration/numberofmoleculesbetweentwodifferentareas.Thegreaterthedifference,thefastertherateofmovementofmoleculeswillbe,e.g.diffusion,activetransport,etc.
concentrationgradient
Theproductionofnotchededgesonredbloodcorpusclesbydrawingwaterfromthembyosmosis.Achievedbyplacingredbloodcellsinasolutionthatishypertonictothecellcytoplasm.
crenation
Thelosingofwaterbyacell(s)ormolecules.
dehydration
Theoppositeofplasmolysis.Thecellmembranemovestowardsthecellwallasaresultofwaterbeingdrawnintothecellbyosmosis.Thecellgraduallybecomesturgid.Achievedbyplacingaplantcellinasolutionthatishypotonictothecellsap.
deplasmolysis
Themovementofsolutefromaregionofhighsoluteconcentrationtoaregionoflowersoluteconcentration.Nopermeableorsemi-permeablemembraneisnecessaryforthisprocesstooccur.Noenergyusedbythecellinthisprocess,i.e.itispassive.Examplesare:gaseousexchangeinalveoli;absorptionthroughvilliofsmallintestine.
diffusion
Theburstingofredbloodcorpuscleswiththereleaseofhaemoglobin.Achievedbyplacingredbloodcorpusclesinasolution,whichishypotonictothecellsap.
haemolysis
Asolutionwithahighersoluteconcentrationthanthesurroundingsolution.
hypertonic
Asolutionwithalowersoluteconcentrationthanthesurroundingsolution.
hypotonic
Cannotbepenetratedbyparticlesofsolidsorliquids.
impermeable
Asolutionwiththesamesoluteconcentrationasanothersolution.
isotonic
Aspecialcaseofdiffusion.Itisthemovementofsolvent(alwayswater)fromaregionofhighsolventconcentrationtoaregionoflowersolventconcentrationthroughasemi-permeablemembrane,untilbothconcentrationsareequal.Noenergyusedbythecellforosmosistotakeplace,i.e.itisapassiveprocess.
Examplesare:waterenteringroothaircell;watermovingfromcelltocellintranspiration.
osmosis
Theentryofwaterintoacellbyosmosisexertsanoutwardpressure.Thepressurenecessarytopreventosmosisis...
osmoticpressure
Notrequiringtheuseofenergy,e.g.diffusionandosmosis,orbroughtaboutbyoutsideforces.
passive
Themovementofparticlesfromanareaofhighconcentrationtoanareaoflowerconcentration.Noenergyisrequiredfortheprocess.
(passive)diffusion
Movementofsubstancesacrossthecellmembranewhichdoesnotinvolvetheuseofenergybythecell,
e.g.diffusionandosmosis.
passivetransport
Referstoamembrane;allowsmoleculesorionsofacertainmaximumsizetopassthrough.Thecellwallallowsallmoleculesandionstopassthroughirrespectiveofsize.
(fully)permeable
Theshrinkingoftheplasmamembrane(cellmembrane)awayfromthecellwallwiththelossofturgidityasaresultofwaterbeingdrawnoutofthecellbyosmosis.
Thisdoesnotnormallyoccurinnaturebutisachievedbyplacingaplantcellinasolution,whichishypertonictothecellsap.Acellwillbecomeflaccidbeforebecomingplasmolysed.
plasmolysis
Referstothecellmembrane.Allowscertainmoleculesorionstopassthroughbutpreventsothers.
semi-permeable/selectivelyorpartiallypermeable
e.g.cellmembrane,viskingtubing.Certainmoleculesorionscanpassthroughbutotherscannot,dependingonsize.
semi-permeablemembrane
Substancethatisdissolvedinaliquid.
solute
Amixtureofasoluteandasolvent.Soluteisthesubstancethatwillbedissolvedandsolventistheliquidthatwilldothedissolving,usuallywater.
solution
Aliquidinwhichthesoluteisdissolved.
solvent
Inflatedbypressurefromwithinasaresultofwaterbeendrawnintothecellbyosmosis.Achievedbyplacingaplantcellinasolutionthatishypotonictothecellsap.Waterflowsinandiscollectedinthevacuolesandthecellsswellandpushoutagainstthecellwalls.
turgid
Stateofaplantcellduetopressurebuiltupinthecell;exertedoutwardsandcausedbythecelltakinginwaterbyosmosis.
turgorpressure
Pressureexertedinwardsbythecellwallinresponsetoturgorpressure.Thispreventsaplantcellfrombursting.
wallpressure