Community College of Philadelphia
Department of Biology
Biology 110: Anatomy and Physiology II Course Syllabus and Laboratory Schedule
Department Head: Dr. Robert Mitchell
FALL 1999
Catalogue Description
Biology 109-110 Anatomy and Physiology I & II (3-2-4): Human physiology and biochemistry are studied systematically in lectures while anatomy is stressed in laboratory experiences requiring extensive dissection. This 2 semester sequence follows the recommendations of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society. Biology 109 is designed for students who have had high school biology and chemistry, although these courses are not required. Satisfactory completion of Biology 109 is a prerequisite to Biology 110.
Information regarding this course, including a copy of an old departmental final examination, and other Biology courses can be found at http://www.voicenetcoml-bluesky/ccpbiology.htmi
Required Materials
Textbook: Martini, F. H. (1998). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 4th edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Laboratory Manual: Community College of Philadelphia Biology Department (1997).
Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology. Part II. 2nd edition. Prentice Hall, NJ.
Laboratory Equipment: Safety Goggles and Plastic Gloves
Recommended Supplements
Rust, T. G. (1983). A guide to Anatomy and Physiology, 2nd edition, Southwest Educational Enterprises, Texas.
Yokochi, C., Rohen, J.W., and Weinreb, E. L. (1989). Photographic Anatomy of the Human Body. 3rd edition. Igaku-Shoin, Tokyo.
Academic Support Services
Educational Resources Center (ERC: Library): First floor Mint building 8:00 AM to 10:00 PM Monday through Friday
8:30 AM to 5:00 PM Saturday
West learning lab (W3-26): tutoring (for appointment call 751-8482)
Biology Departmental Final Examination Policy
Your instructor is required to administer a comprehensive final examination during the final week of the semester. While individual instructors write the questions for this examination, the content has been determined by committee and can be found in the course outline which follows. This
examination must count for at least 15% of your final grade. Instructors are required to submit a copy of the examination to the department head.
Suggested Course Schedule
Below is an approximate schedule of topics. While facuIty are required to cover these topics, the sequencing is only a suggestion. The departmental final will be designed with this sequence.
Week / Textbook / Topic1 / Chapter 19 / Cardiovascular System: Blood
2 / Chapter 20 / Cardiovascular System: Heart
3 / Chapter 20 / Cardiovascular System: Heart
4 / Chapter 21 / Cardiovascular System: Circulation
5 / Chapter 22 / Lymphatic System and Immunity
6 / Chapter 23 / Respiratory System
7 / Chapter 23 / Respiratory System
8 / Chapter 24 / Digestive System
9 / Chapter 25 / Metabolism
10 / Chapter 26 / Urinary System
11 / Chapter 27 / Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Homeostasis
12 / Chapter 28 / Reproductive System: Male
13 / Chapter 28 / Reproductive System: Female
14 / Chapter 29 / Development and Inheritance
Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students should...
1. define the functions of blood.
2. describe the components of blood and distinguish the three formed elements.
3. describe the measurements associated with erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
4. describe the structure and function of erythrocytes.
5. describe the major events of hemostasis.
6. describe the structure of the heart.
7. explain the circulation of blood through the heart.
8. explain the events of the cardiac cycle.
9. identify the events associated with the electrocardiogram (EKG).
10. distinguish artery, capillary, and vein in terms of structure and function.
11. describe the factors which influence of blood pressure.
12. describe the circulation of the major blood vessels.
13. describe the hepatic portal system and the circulation in the fetus.
14. describe the components of the lymphatic system.
15. distinguish lymphatic fluid and blood plasma.
16. describe the nonspecific barriers to disease.
17. describe the types of acquired immunity.
18. distinguish the cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses.
19. describe the respiratory tract and its histological features.
20. explain the role of surfactant.
21. explain the relationship between pressure and volume.
22. define the air volumes and gas laws.
23. describe the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the lung tissue to the blood.
24. describe the control of respiration.
25. describe the histological features of the digestive tract.
26. describe the features of the major digestive organs.
27. describe the motility of the GI tract.
28. explain the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
29. explain the processes of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.
30. describe the structure of and circulation through the kidney and nephron.
31. explain the production and concentration of urine.
32. describe the regulation of kidney function and the role of the JG apparatus.
33. describe the regulation of fluid/electrolyte and acidlbase balance.
34. distinguish the male and female reproductive tracts.
35. describe the structures of the male and female reproductive tracts.
36. describe the hormonal control over male and female development and function.
37. describe gamete formation
38. describe the female reproductive cycle.
39. describe implantation and early embryonic development and the derivatives of the primary germ layers and extra embryonic membranes.
Lecture Outline
The information in this outline is not designed to limit class discussion; rather, it is designed to detail the minimum requirements for this course. This outline will serve as the blueprint for the departmental comprehensive final examination.
I. Cardiovascular System: The Blood Chapter] 9
A. Functions
]. transportation
a) respiratory gases
b) nutrients and wastes
c) heat and hormones
2. regulation
a) pH and temperature
b) electrolyte and water balance
3. protection
a) blood loss
b) disease
B. Components of whole blood
1 . plasma
a) plasma proteins
] ) albumin
2) globulin
3) fibrinogens
b) water and electrolytes
c) nutrients and wastes
d) regulatory substances
2. formed elements: erythrocytes. leukocytes, thrombocytes Lab #1
C. Formation of blood cells: Hemopoiesis
I. hemocytoblasts: pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
2. proerythroblasts: erythrocytes
3. myeloblasts: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
4. monoblasts: monocytes
5. Iymphoblasts: lymphocytes
6. megakaryoblasts: thrombocytes
D. Erythrocytes
1. erythrocyte morphology
2. hemoglobin: carrying capacity and recycling
3. production and life span: el)1hropoietin
4. measurements: total RBC count and hematocrit
5. blood typing: ABa system and Rh factor
E. Leukocytes
1. leukocyte morphology and functions
a) granulocytes
1 ) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils
b) agranulocytes
I) monocytes
2) lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
2. WBC life span: cytokines
3. measurements
a) total leukocyte count
b) differential WBC count
F. Thrombocytes
1. platelet formation
2. hemostasis: blood coagulation
a) vascular spasm
b) platelet plug formation
c) coagulation: intrinsic and extrinsic factors
d) fibrinolysis
3. measurements: total platelet count
II. Cardiovascular System: The Heart Chapter 20
A. Overview of the cardiovascular system: circulatory routes
I. pulmonary circuit
2. systemic circuit
B. Anatomy of the heart Lab #2
I. embryological development
2. position in body: pericardial cavity
3. external anatomy
a) pericardial sac: parietal and visceral pericardium
b) auricles
4. internal anatomy
a) chambers: atria and ventricles
b) heart wall
1)epicardium
2) myocardium
3) endocardium
c) atrioventricular (A-V) valves
d) aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
e) attached vessels: aorta and pulmonary trunk
5. coronary circulation
6. nervous control
a) medullary cardiac control centers
b) autonomic innervation
7. cardiac muscle fibers
8. excitatory and conducting system
a) sinoatrial (S-A) node
b) atrioventricular (A-V) node
c) atrioventricular (A-V) bundle
d) bundle branches-Purkinje fibers
C. Heart physiology Lab #3
1. cardiac cycle
a) systole and diastole
b) correlation of events in chambers and valves
2. heart sounds
3. electrocardiograph (EKG): significance of waves
4. cardiac output (CO)
a) definition and calculation
b) control of heart rate
I) physiological factors
2) autonomic reflexes
c) control of stroke volume
I) control of EDV
(a) filling time
(b) venous return
2) control of ESV
(a) arterial pressure
(b) strength of contraction
(c) Frank-Starling's law of the heart
Ill. Cardiovascular System: The Blood Vessels Chapter 21
A. Functional anatomy Lab #2 & #3
1. structure, location, and examples of blood vessels
2. arteries
a) large/elastic
b) medium/muscular
c) small-arterioles
3) capillaries
a) continuous
b) fenestrated
c) sinusoids
4. veins
a) large
b) medium
c) venules
B. Physiology of circulation
1. velocity and cross-sectional area
2. relationship between blood pressure, flow, and resistance
a) blood flow (CO): blood volume and heart rate
b) resistance: viscosity, vessel length and diameter
3. arterial circulation
a) pressures in arterial system
b) control of resistance: local, neural and hormonal
c) regulation of arterial blood pressure
1) short term (neural) regulation
(a) baroreceptor reflex
(b) chemoreceptor reflex (c) ANS control
2) long term (endocrine) regulation
(a) renin-angiotensin
(b) aldosterone
4. capillary circulation
a) hydrostatic and osmotic pressures
b) transport: filtration and absorption
c) regulation: CNS and auto-regulation
5. venous circulation/return
a) pressures in venous system
b) factors in venous return
I) valves
2) pumps
C. Anatomy of the vascular system
I. pulmonary and systemic circulation
2. areas of special circulation
a) hepatic portal system
b) fetal circulation
IV. The Lymphatic System, Body Defense, and Immunity Chapter 22
A. Components of the lymphatic system
1. lymph
a) origin
b) formation
c) composition
2. lymphatic vessels
a) lymphatic capillaries
b) lymphatic veins
c) lymphatic (terminal) ducts
I) right lymphatic duct
2) left (thoracic) lymphatic duct
3. lymphoid structures
a) lymph nodules and tonsils
b) lymph nodes
c) spleen
d) thymus
B. Functions of the lymphatic system
I. circulation
2. body defense and immunity
3. relation to blood vascular system
C. Nonspecific body defenses
1. physical barriers
2. chemical factors
3. mechanical barriers
D. Specific defenses: Immunity
1. characteristics of immune response
2. types of acquired immunity
3. cell-mediated immunity
a) T -lymphocytes: origin, differentiation, types
b) functional relation to B-lymphocytes
c) types of cell-mediated immunity
4. antibody-mediated immunity
a) B-lymphocytes: origin, differentiation, types
b) antigen structure
c) antibodies: classification
5. hormones and other chemicals of the immune system
6. interrelationships between macro phages and lymphocytes Chapter 23, Lab #4
V. The Respiratory System
A. Functional anatomy
1. upper (conducting) organs
a) nose, nasal cavity, and vestibule
b) pharynx
I) nasopharynx
2) oropharynx
3) laryngopharynx
c) larynx, laryngeal cartilage and glottis
d) trachea
e) bronchial passages: dead air spaces
1 ) primary bronchi
2) secondary bronchi
3) tertiary bronchi
4) terminal bronchioles
2. lower (respiratory) organs
a) respiratory bronchioles
b) alveolar ducts
c) alveoli
3. lungs
a) pleural sac: parietal and visceral pleura
b) lobes: bronchopulmonary segments
c) blood supply
d) alveolar structure and blood supply
e) respiratory membrane
I) alveolar (type I) cells
2) capillary epithelial cells
f) alveolar type II cell and surfactant praduction
B. Physiology of the respiratory tract Lab #5
1. mechanics of pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
a) pressure-volume relationship
b) respiratory cycle: inspiration and expiration
I) intrapulmonic volume and pressure
2) intrathoracic volume and pressure
c) resistance to air flow
d) alveolar surface tension
2. pulmonary function testing
a) lung volumes and capacities
1) tidal volume
2) inspiratory reserve volume
3) expiratory reserve volumes
4) residual volume
5) total lung capacity
6) vital capacity
7) functional residual capacity
b) respiratory minute volume
c) alveolar ventilation
3. composition and properties of gases
a) composition of atmospheric, inspired, and expired air
b) properties of gases: gas laws
I) partial pressures (Dalton's law)
2) volume-temperature (Charles' law)
3) volume-pressure (Boyle's law)
4) solubility-partial pressure (Henry's law) I
5) diffusion through membranes (Fick's law) 1
c) partial pressures (POl and PCOl)
4. exchange of respiratory gases
a) external respiration: alveoli and blood
b) internal respiration: blood and cells
C. Gas transport
I. oxygen transport
a) plasma and hemoglobin transport
b) hemoglobin saturation
c) oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve
d) effects of PO2, PCO2, pH, temperature, DPG
2. carbon dioxide transport
a) plasma, hemoglobin, and bicarbonate transport
b) role in maintenance of acid-base balance
D. Control of respiration
I. nervous control
a) medulla
I ) inspiratory control center
2) expiratory control center
b) pons
I) apneustic center
2) pneumotaxic center
c) mechanoreceptor reflexes
d) baroreceptor reflexes
2. chemical control: reflex sensitivities to PO2, PCO2, pH
VI. The Digestive System Chapter 24
A. Survey of functions
I. ingestion
2. mechanical digestion and movement
3. chemical/enzymatic digestion
4. absorption
5. defecation
B. Histology of digestive tract
I. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis extern a
4. adventitia or serosa
C. Digestive tract organs Lab #8
I . oral cavity: mouth
a) tongue
b) teeth
c) salivary glands
2. pharynx
3. esophagus and the swallowing reflex
4. stomach
a) mucosa
1 ) acid and pepsin secretion
2) secretion of gastrin
3) secretion of intrinsic factor
b) muscularis external layers
c) phases in gastric secretions
5. small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
a) mucosa
I) hormone secretion: CCK, GIP, secretin
2) enzyme secretion
b) specialized structures: microvilli, villi. plica
c) intestinal movements
6. large intestine: colon, rectum, appendix
a) mucosa: secretions of mucous
b) intestinal movements
D. Glandular accessory organs
1. salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
2 liver
a) biliary system: duct system and gallbladder
b) hepatic portal circulation
c) digestive functions
I) bile secretion
2) nutrient metabolism
d) non-digestive functions
3. pancreas
a) exocrine component
1) secretions
2) digestive functions
b) endocrine component
I ) secretions
2) digestive functions
E. Digestive physiology Lab #9
1. carbohydrate digestion and absorption
a. digestion of polysaccharides and disaccharides
b. absorption of monosaccharides
2. lipid digestion and absorption
a. enzymatic digestion of fats
b. absorption of fatty acids and monoglycerides