Biology 11 Review
The Microscope
1. When centering an object under the microscope you move it from left to right, which way does it appear to move? When you move it away from you, how does it appear to move?
2. Is it easier to locate objects under low or high power?
3. Why is it a good idea to centre a specimen in the field of view before switching to a higher power?
4. If you were trying to estimate the diameter of a small object, which magnification would you use?
5. Explain why microscopes are stored with the low power lens in position?
6. Why should the coarse adjustment focus not be used with a medium or high power lens?
7. A thicker lens is often necessary for greater magnification, but results in a loss of resolving power. Explain why resolving power decreases as the thickness of the lens increases.
8. Why is the microscope called a compound microscope?
9. What is the proper way to carry a microscope?
10. How do you determine total magnification?
11. What is the total magnification of each of the objective lenses on your microscope?
12. Why is the built in pointer a useful feature of the microscope?
13. Why are micrometers rather than millimeters used for microscopic measurements?
14. Why is the field of view brighter under low power?
Classification Review
1. What is taxonomy?
2. Give three reasons why is taxonomy important?
3. Who developed our current system of binomial nomenclature?
4. How are organisms named in this system?
5. Why is the use of scientific names important?
6. How did Linnaeus classify organisms?
7. What is phylogeny?
8. Why is phylogeny sometimes called the foundation of taxonomy?
9. What is binomial nomenclature?
10. How did Darwin's ideas affect classification systems?
11. Many of the classifications used by Linnaeus are still in use today, even though he did not know about evolution. Explain why this is so.
12. How was the introduction of classification keys a major contribution to taxonomy?
13. How is a heterotrophic organisms different from an autotrophic one?
14. How many categories are there in the modern classification system? List them in order.
15. Related genera are grouped together in a ______.
16. Humans are members of which class?
17. What is the relationship between a family and an order?
18. In addition to physical appearance, what else do modern taxonomists consider?
19. Which kingdom contains prokaryotic organisms?
20. If two organisms are in the same phylum, they must also be in the same ______.
21. If two animals are in the same class, what other categories must they share?
22. What is the purpose of the classification key?
23. Explain how a classification key is organized?
24. Homo is to genus as sapiens is to ______.
25. Panthera leo (lion), Canis latrans (coyote), Panthera tigris (tiger), and Procyon lotor (racoon) are all members of the order Carnivora. Which two members are the most closely related?
26. To which of the five kingdoms does each of the following belong?
a) rose (b) Euglena (c) bald eagle (d) bacterium (e) mushroom (f) fern
27. Suppose you were a microbiologist who had just discovered a new organism. The organism was unicellular, lacked chloroplasts, and had no cell wall. Which kingdom would you place it in?
28. Complete the following table:
Characteristics / Euglena / Mushroom / Crab / Bread Mold / E. coli / Violet / Paramecium / DogUnicellular
Multicellular
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Organ systems
Chlorophyll
Cell walls
Walls of cellulose
Walls of chitin
Organelles lack membranes
Monera and Virus Review
1. Why are bacteria classified in their own kingdom and not with plants, animals, protists, or fungi?
2. What features are shared by prokaryotes?
3. What feature(s) might cause cyanobacteria to be classified as plants by some taxonomists?
4. Describe three shapes that bacteria can have.
5. Why is endospore formation important to bacteria?
6. Describe binary fission.
7. What is conjugation in monerans? Why is it important?
8. How is conjugation different from transformation?
9. A protective slime coat around some species of bacterium known as a ____ makes them more capable of causing disease.
10. Why are monerans considered more primitive than protists?
11. What is the difference between a saprobe and a parasite?
12. How do obligate aerobes differ from facultative aerobes?
13. _____ are organisms that die in the presence of oxygen.
14. Monerans belong to a group of organisms known as prokaryotes. Discuss the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of cell wall, nuclear membrane, and chromosomes.
15. Why does dried or salted food resist spoiling by bacteria?
16. Give specific examples showing the importance of microbial sterility in
a) your kitchen
b) a microbiology lab
17. Describe the results if all bacteria died.
18. Why is there controversy as to whether a virus is living or non-living?
19. Could you accept the hypothesis that viruses were the precursors to life on this planet? Explain.
20. What are the main parts of a virus?
21. Suppose you were trying to develop a way to stop a virus from infecting a cell. How could this be done?
22. Describe how viruses can be spread.
23. The shape of a virus is determined by its _____.
24. Do viruses and bacteria cause disease in the same way? Explain.
25. Do you think viral infections are difficult to treat? Why or why not?
26. How is it that a virus is quite specific in the type of cell that it can infect?
Kingdom Plantae Review
1. What characteristics are shared by all plants?
2. What similarities and differences exist between plants and protists?
3. What are the main reasons that angiosperms are so diverse and abundant?
4. What are some ways in which the is flower an advantage to angiosperms?
5. Describe the function of each of the main parts of the flower.
6. What is the name of the part of the pistil in which the ovules develop?
7. Where does fertilization occur in the flower?
8. Ovules mature into ____ and ovaries mature into _____
9. Explain the differences you would expect to see in flowers of plants that are wind pollinated as opposed to those that are insect pollinated.
10. How would you expect seeds of large, colorful fruits to be dispersed?
11. Grasses often grow in open areas forming large fields. Explain.
12. What are the major functions of fruits?
13. Describe the differences between monocots and dicots.
Kingdom Plantae Review
1. Name the two types of vascular tissue and describe the function of each.
2. Which of the two vascular tissues is toward the outside of a vascular bundle?
3. What is the plant organ that produces most of the plant's food?
4. Explain why leaves grown in full sunlight often have thicker cuticles than leaves grown in the shade.
5. List the functions of stems.
6. What are guard cells and what is their purpose?
7. Explain the conflict between photosynthesis and water conservation.
Kingdom Animalia Review
1. What are the major characteristics that distinguish animals from plants?
2. Why is it not sufficient to classify animals simply as multicellular heterotrophs?
3. Describe the three types of body symmetry.
4. Which kind of symmetry has the fewest planes of symmetry?
5. Which form of symmetry is characteristic of the highest animals?
6. Explain why animals with radial symmetry show no signs of cephalization.
7. List the main body areas associated with bilateral symmetry and state what each one means.
8. Is your head anterior or posterior to your arms? Describe the location of your arms in relation to your shoulders.
9. What is the term for an organism which can produce both sperm and eggs?
10. Why are sponges classified as part of the animal kingdom?
11. Why is it helpful for an organism to be able to reproduce both sexually and asexually?
12. What is the difference between motile and sessile?
13. Describe the difference between a polyp and a medusa.
14. Explain the function of nematocysts.
15. How does a jellyfish obtain food?
16. Which germ layer is absent in the cnidarians? What effect does this have on the complexity of these animals?
17. What kind of symmetry is found in most cnidarians? In sponges?
18. What is cephalization? In which type of symmetry is it seen?
19. How is cephalization an evolutionary advantage?
20. How has the digestive system of planaria been improved over that of the jellyfish?
21. How does an animal in the phylum Platyhelminthes obtain oxygen?
22. A tapeworm is a parasite that lives in the intestines of its host. What system would you expect to be missing from the tapeworm that would be found in other flatworms? By not having this system, the tapeworm has created extra space in its body. How do you think the worm has used this space?
23. How has the roundworm digestive system been improved compared to that of flatworms?
24. What is meant by segmentation? How is segmentation an evolutionary advantage?
25. What is the function of blood?
26. What is hemoglobin?
27. Some organisms have a circulatory system with blood but the blood has no hemoglobin. Why is it an advantage to have hemoglobin in the blood?
28. Which features distinguish the worms from the sponges and cnidarians?
29. How is the annelid coelom different from the body cavity of the roundworm.
30. Why is a circulatory system important for the earthworm?
31. Describe the developments of the digestive system of the segmented worm.
32. In a parasitic worm, why would it be useful to be hermaphroditic?
33. Using cephalization as a basis, list the molluscs in order from oldest to most recent and explain your reasoning.
34. Give a possible reason why bivalves have not tended toward cephalization.
35. Why have more complex organisms such as mollusks had to develop gills?
36. How is the circulatory system of most mollusks different from the annelids? Is this unexpected?
37. Describe feeding in the gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods.
38. Which mollusk class has members with lungs?
39. How are cephalopods different from other mollusks?
40. Where does fertilization occur in bivalves? Does this suggest that they are more or less advanced than other mollusks?
41. Explain how the gills of bivalves perform two separate functions?
42. How is the closed circulatory system an advantage to cephalopods?
43. How has the sexual reproduction of terrestrial snails evolved for life on land?
44. List some characteristics of arthropods.
45. Why does the presence of an exoskeleton require the presence of jointed appendages?
46. What is the arthropod exoskeleton made of?
47. Why is molting necessary?
48. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton?
49. What factors limit the size of the insects?
50. What is a tracheal respiratory system? Why is it an advantage? . Why is this especially important for flying insects?
51. Vertebrates tend to be larger than other animals. Which characteristics of vertebrates favor this?
52. How does the structure of the fish gills affect their efficiency? How does the way they work affect their efficiency?
53. State three characteristics of chordates.
54. What is an endoskeleton? Of what two materials can an endoskeleton be made?
55. Which kind of circulatory system is found in all vertebrates?
56. In what ways are arthropods and vertebrates different in structure?
57. Why do organisms which display internal fertilization not produce large numbers of eggs?
58. What is the function of the placenta? How is its structure suited to this function?
59. What structure connects the embryo to the placenta?
60. For each of the brain, heart, fur, and milk explain how each is an advantage to mammals.
61. Imagine that you are on a fun ski weekend when you discover a frozen specimen of a prehistoric terrestrial vertebrate. Because you have an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and understanding, you absolutely MUST classify it. What characteristics would you examine to place the specimen in the correct class?
62. The muscle that supports the internal organs of humans seems to be designed for an organism that walks on four legs. What does this suggest?