Semester 1
BiotechnologySl.No / Details / category / Code / credit / L / T / P
CORE / Basic concepts of Biology / Theory / Bio101 / 4 / 3 / 1 / 0
CORE / Cell Biology / Theory / BIO102 / 4 / 4 / 0 / 0
CORE / Preparation of buffers. Concepts of molarity, molality / Practical / BIO191 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 2
pH measurements
pH Titration of the Glycine HCl solution
RBC count using hemocytometer
DNA absorption spectra
Gram staining of bacteria
Estimation of blood glucose.
Assay of salivary amylase.
Isolation of lecithin, identification by TLC, and its estimation.
Isolation of cholesterol from egg yolk and its estimation.
CORE / 1. Study a representative plant and animal cell by microscopy. / Practical / BIO 192 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 2
2. Study of the structure of cell organelles through electron micrographs.
3. Cytochemical staining of DNA – Feulgen.
4. Demonstration of the presence of mitochondria in striated muscle cells/ cheek epithelial cell using vital stain Janus Green B.
5. Study of polyploidy in Onion root tip by colchicine treatment.
6. Identification and study of cancer cells by photomicrographs.
7. Study of different stages of Mitosis.
8. Study of different stages of Meiosis by permanent slides.
AECC / Language: English / French / German / Language Study / 2 / 0
DSE / DSE-Maths/Physics/Chemistry/ Statistics/Bioinformatics/IPR / Theory / Chem101 / 4 / 3 / 1 / 0
GE / GE -2 History/Philosophy/Sociology/Economics/CE/Ethics / Theory / Phil101 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0
Total contact hours per week / 24
2nd semester
CC / Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering / Theory / Bio201 / 4 / 3 / 1 / 0
CC / Biochemistry / Theory / Bio202 / 4 / 3 / 1
CC / Bacterial Transformation / Practical / Bio291 / 2
Plasmid Preparation
Agarose gel electrophoretic separation of plasmid DNA
Protein separation by SDS-PAGE
Overexpression of proteins
Actvity gel
Restriction mapping of DNA
CC / 1. Qualitative tests for Carbohydrates. / Practical / Bio292 / 2
2. Estimation of proteins by Lowry’s method / Biuret method.
3. Estimation of cholesterol by Zak’s method.
4. Determination of saponification number of lipids.
5. Estimation of Amino acids.
6. Separation of amino acids - Thin layer chromatography.
7. Separation of sugars - Paper chromatography
8. Biochemical estimation of DNA /RNA using Spectrophotometer
AECC / Language: English / French / German / Theory / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0
DSE / Mathematics Foundation / Theory / Math101 / 4 / 3 / 1 / 0
DSE / Foundations of Physics / Theory / Phys101 / 4 / 3 / 1 / 0
GE / Basic English writing / Theory / Eng 101A / 2 / 0 / 2 / 0
Communication / Theory / JMC101 / 4 / 3 / 1 / 0
Total contact hours per / 27
Bio101 : Biology Foundation Course
Bio101: 45 hours 3 +1 Credit
Unit 1: Organization in Nature;The Scientific Method; Linnaean hierarchical classification system ; Evolution as a Unifying Theme of Life; Origins of Life: Early Chemical and Biological Evolution; Oparin-Haldane model; Miller-Urey experiment; Structure of Water; Properties of water 5 Lecture hrs.
Unit 2:Basic units of life; Cellular Foundations;Cells as the Structural and Functional Units of all
living organisms; Cellular dimensions ; Three Distinct Domains of life; Common structural features of bacterial cells; Chemical Foundations ; Representations of molecules; Molecular asymmetry: chiral molecules in life; Conformations; Complementary fit between a macromolecule and a small molecule. 10 Lectures
Unit 3:Physical Foundations ; Living Organisms Exist in a dynamic steady state; Macromolecules are major constituents of Cell ; Three-Dimensional Structure determined by Configuration and Conformation; Stereospecific interactions between biomolecules; The flow of electrons provides energy for organisms; Energy coupling links reactions in Biology ;Enzymes promote sequences of chemical reactions; Metabolism regulate and achieve balance and economy. 10 Lectures
Unit 4 :Genetic Foundations ; Material of heredity; The Structure of DNA allowing for Its replication and repair with Near-Perfect Fidelity; Mendel and Genetic Continuity ; Central dogma of Molecular Biology; The Linear Sequence in DNA Encodes Proteins with Three-Dimensional Structures 10 Lectures
Unit 5 :Evolutionary Foundations ; Changes in the Hereditary instructions allow evolution; Chemical evolution can be simulated in the laboratory; Abiogenesis; The First Cell Was Probably a Chemoheterotroph ; Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes in several stages; Molecular Anatomy Reveals Evolutionary Relationships ; population genetics 10 Lectures.
Readings
1. Principles of Biochemistry A. Lehninger
2.Molecular Biology of the Cell B.Alberts et al
BIO 201 Molecular Biology and Genetic Enginering CREDITS: 5
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - DNA AND RNA Scope and History. Structure of DNA-Nucleoside, Nucleotide, Base pairing, Base stacking, Double Helix, features of Watson and Crick model, major and minor groove, Supercoiling- twist, writhe and linking number. Forms of DNA- A, B, Z. Structure and function of mRNA, rRNA, tRNA. Secondary structures in RNA. 8
UNIT 2 REPLICATION AND REPAIR Types and functions of DNA polymerases in Prokaryote and Eukaryote. Replication in prokaryote and Eukaryote. Proof reading activity, 5’-> 3’ exonuclease activity, topoisomerase activity, Telomeric DNA replication and Plasmid Replication-theta model, strand displacement model and rolling circle model. DNA Repair- Nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, photo-reactivation, recombination repair and SOS repair, mechanisms of DNA recombination;mutagenesis and processes of DNA repair 10
UNIT 3 TRANSCRIPTION AND POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS Fine structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene, structure and function of the promoters in mRNA, rRNA, tRNA genes. RNA polymerases in prokaryote and eukaryote, types and function. Transcription of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA genes in Prokaryote and eukaryote. Post transcriptional processing of mRNA – 5’capping, splicing (including different types), polyadenylation and RNA editing. 10
UNIT 4 TRANSLATION AND POST TRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING Genetic code and Wobble hypothesis. Translation in prokaryote and eukaryote. Post translational modifications. Principles protein sorting and targeting into endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplast, and nucleus. Various forms of Bacterial immunity ( RM, CRISPR etc.) Site-directed mutagenesis and its applications; transposons, site specific recombination; polymerase chain reaction (PCR); applications of reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and real time PCR; principles and applications of DNA finger printing; gene mapping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); application of differential display and subtractive hybridization., gene targeting and CRISPR-CAS 8
UNIT 5 GENE REGULATION Principles of gene regulation- Transcriptional and post transcriptional gene regulation-activators, co-activators, suppressors, co-suppressors, moderators, silencers, insulators, enhancers. Operon-lac operon, trp operon, ara operon and gal operon. regulation of gene expression; Gene Silencing: PTGS & TGS; eukaryotic RNA splicing and processing; cell cycle; programmed cell death; cell transformation; genes in differentiation and development; oncogenes. genetic engineering: restriction modification enzymes; cloning vectors: plasmids, phages, cosmids, phagemids, yeast and bacterial artificial chromosomal vectors; construction cDNA and genomic libraries; screening of libraries: by DNA hybridization, immuno and protein assays; gene cloning and expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; recombinant protein expression in E. coli, yeast and baculovirus; mammalian cell expression vectors (Selectable markers, Two-hybrid expression system); chimeric vectors; 9
Texts
1.B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts and P. Walter, Molecular Biology of Cell, 4thEd., Garland Publishing, 2002.
2.H. Lodish, A. Berk, S. L. Zipursky, M. P. Scott and J. Darnell, Molecular Cell Biology, 4th Ed., W. H. Freeman & Co., 2003.
References:
1. B. Lewin, Genes VIII, International Edition, Pearson Education, 2004.
2. B. R. Glick and J. J. Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 3rdEd., ASM Press, 2003.
3.R. M. Twyman, S. B. Primrose and R. W. Old, Principles of Gene Manipulation, Blackwell Science, 2001.
Bio102 Cell Biology Credits 6 :3 : 1 : 2
Unit 1 Structure of Cell No. of Hours: 16
Plasma membrane: Structure and transport of small molecules. Cell Wall: Eukaryotic cell wall, Extracellular matrix and cell matrix interactions, Cell-Cell Interactions - adhesion junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata (only structural aspects).
Mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes.Cytoskeleton: Structure and organization of actin filaments, association of actin filaments with plasma membrane, cell surface protrusions, intermediate filaments, microtubules. Nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex and nuclear lamina. Chromatin – Molecular organization. Nucleolus.
Unit 2 Protein Sorting and Transport No. of Hours: 12
Endoplasmic Reticulum – Structure, targeting and insertion of proteins in the ER, protein folding, processing and quality control in ER, smooth ER and lipid synthesis, export of proteins and lipids Golgi Apparatus – Organization, protein glycosylation, protein sorting and export from Golgi Apparatus. Lysosomes.
Unit 4 Cell Signalling No. of Hours: 12
Signalling molecules and their receptors. Function of cell surface receptors. Pathways of intracellular receptors – Cyclic AMP pathway, cyclic GMP and MAP kinase pathway.
Unit 5 Cell Cycle, Cell Death and Cell Renewal No. of Hours: 14
Eukaryotic cell cycle and its regulation, Mitosis and Meiosis. Development of cancer, causes, types, Diagnosis and therapy. Programmed cell death. Stem cells. Types: Embryonic stem cell, induced pluripotent stem cells.
BIO202 Biochemistry
Unit 1 Basic design of metabolism No. of Hours: 4
Autotrophs, heterotrophs, metabolic pathways, catabolism, anabolism, ATP as energy currency, reducing power of the cell.
Unit 2 Glycolysis No. of Hours: 4
Glycolysis - a universal pathway, reactions of glycolysis, fermentation, fates of pyruvate, feeder pathways for glycolysis, galactosemia.
Unit 3 Gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathway No. of Hours: 4
Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway and its importance.
Unit 4 Glycogen metabolism No. of Hours: 4
Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, regulation of glycogen metabolism, glycogen storage diseases.
Unit 5 Citric acid cycle No. of Hours: 6
Production of acetyl CoA, reactions of citric acid cycle, anaplerotic reactions, amphibolic role, regulation of citric acid cycle, glyoxalate pathway, coordinated regulation of glyoxalate and citric acid pathways.
Unit 6 Synthesis of carbohydrates No. of Hours: 8
Calvin cycle, regulation of calvin cycle, regulated synthesis of starch and sucrose, photorespiration, C 4 and CAM pathways, synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, integration of carbohydrate metabolism in plant cell.
Unit 7 Fatty acid oxidation No. of HOURS: 10
Digestion, mobilisation and transport of cholesterol and triacyl glycerols, fatty acid transport to mitochondria, β oxidation of saturated, unsaturated, odd and even numbered and branched chain fatty acids, regulation of fatty acid oxidation, peroxisomal oxidation, ω oxidation, ketone bodies metabolism, ketoacidosis.
Unit 8 Fatty acid synthesis No. of Hours: 6
Fatty acid synthase complex. Synthesis of saturated, unsaturated, odd and even chain fatty acids and regulation.
Unit 9: 6Biosynthesis of eicosanoids, cholesterol, steroids and isoprenoids No. of Hours
Synthesis of prostagladins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes. Synthesis of cholesterol, regulation of cholesterol synthesis. Synthesis of steroids and isoprenoids.
Unit 10 Biosynthesis of membrane lipids No. of Hours: 4
Synthesis of membrane phospholipids in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respiratory distress
TEXT BOOK:
1. “Bioreactors in Biotechnology”, Ellis Horwood series, 1991. A. H. SCRAGG.
DSE BioSeparation Technology
PURPOSE The course provides an opportunity to understand the importance of the Bioseparation process, economics and process design criteria for various classes of bio products.
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
1. To make the student understand the importance of Bioseparation processes
2. Cell disruption
3. Filtration, sedimentation and extraction
4. Product resolution
5. Product crystallization and drying and process economics
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSEPARATION PROCESS 9 Role and importance of Bioseparation process in biotechnological processes. Problems and requirements of bioproduct purification. Cost- cutting strategies Characteristics of biological mixtures – Process of Classification of Bioproducts - Biological activity Analysis of purity-Process economics-Capital and operating cost analysis
UNIT 2 CELL DISRUPTION AND SEDIMENTATION 9 Cell disruption methods for intracellular products, removal of insolubles, biomass (and particulate debris) separation techniques, flocculation and sedimentation, centrifugation and filtration methods.
UNIT 3 FILTRATION, PRECIPITATION AND EXTRACTION 9 Membrane based separations micro and ultra filtration theory, design and configuration of membrane separation equipment, applications, precipitation methods (with salts, organic solvents, and polymers, extractive separations, aqueous two-phase extraction, supercritical extraction), in situ product removal.
UNIT 4 CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ELECTROPHORESIS 9 Adsorptive chromatographic separation processes, gel permeation chromatography, all electrophoresis techniques including capillary electrophoresis, hybrid separation technologies-membrane chromatography, electro chromatography. -HPLC
UNIT 5 PRODUCT CRYSTALLIZATION AND DRYING 9 Crystallization.-Principles-Nucleation-Crystal growth-Kinetics-Batch crystallizers-Process crystallizers of proteins. Scale-up and design- Drying –Principles-Water in biological solids-Heat and mass transfer-Dryer description and operation-Vacuum shelf and rotary dryer-Freeze dryer-Spray dryer-Scale-up and design-spreadsheet and simulators.
TOTAL 45
TEXT BOOKS
Roger G Harrison et al “Bioseparation Science and Engineering” Oxford University Press, 2003
Belter PA and Cussler E, “ Bioseparations ”, Wiley 1985
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Wankat P.C, “ Rate controlled separations ”, Elsevier, 1990
2.Asenjo J.M., “ Separation processes in Biotechnology ” Marcel Dekker Inc. 1993.
DSE Biosafety, Bioethics, IPR and Patents
PURPOSE This course creates awareness on the Biosafety, bioethics, Intellectual property rights and patenting of biotechnological processes.
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
1.To introduce the biosafety regulations and ethical concepts in biotechnology
2.To emphasize on IPR issues and need for knowledge in patents in biotechnology .
UNIT-1 BIOSAFETY-REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR GMOS IN INDIA Regulatory framework in India governing GMOs-Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RDAC), Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC), Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation, Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), State Biosafety Coordination Committee (SBCC), District Level Committee (DLC). Recombinant DNA Guidelines (1990), Revised Guidelines for Research in Transgenic Plants (1998), Seed Policy (2002), Prevention Food Adulteration Act (1955), The Food Safety and Standards Bill (2005), Plant Quarantine Order (2003), Regulation for Import of GM Products Under Foreign Trade Policy (2006-2007), National Environment Policy (2006). Rules for the manufacture, use/import/export and storage of hazardous microorganisms/genetically engineered organisms or cells (Ministry of Environment and Forests Notification, 1989). 6
UNIT 2 BIOSAFETY-REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR GMOS AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL Convention of Biological Diversity (1992) – Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety – Objectives and salient features of Cartagena Protocol – Advanced Information Agreement (AIA) procedure – procedures for GMOs intended for direct use-risk assessment-risk management-handling, transport, packaging and identification of GMOs-Biosafety Clearing House-unintentional transboundary movement of GMOs-Benefits of becoming a party to the Cartagena Protocolstatus of implementation in India. 6
UNIT 3BIOETHICS What is bioethics? The legal and socioeconomic impacts of biotechnology-Public education of the process of biotechnology involved in generating new forms of life for informed decision-making – ethical concerns of biotechnology research and innovation. 6
UNIT 4INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Intellectual property rights-TRIP- GATT-International conventions patents and methods of application of patentsLegal implications-Biodiversity and farmer rights 6
UNIT 5 PATENTS AND PATENT LAWS Objectives of the patent system - Basic principles and general requirements of patent law-biotechnological inventions and patent law-Legal development-Patentable subjects and protection in biotechnology-The patenting living organisms. 6
TOTAL 30
REFERENCES:
1. Beier, F.K., Crespi, R.S. and Straus, T. Biotechnology and Patent protection-Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
2. Sasson A, Biotechnologies and Development, UNESCO Publications.
3. Singh K, Intellectual Property rights on Biotechnology, BCIL, New Delhi
4. Regulatory Framework for GMOs in India (2006) Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India, New Delhi
5. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2006) Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India, New Delhi