Appendix 1. Overview of references: focus, assumptions featured, methods applied, and publication type.

Subject / Reference / I1 / II / III / IV / Method2 / Type3
General Status / Acharya 2003 / yes / yes / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Adhikary 1993 / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Basukala 2003 / yes / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Bhandari 2003 / yes / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Bhattarai 1997a / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Bhattarai 2003 / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Bist 2003 / yes / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Dhital 2003 / I / NPR
General Status / Dobremez 1976 / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Gautam 1995 / L / NPR
General Status / Gautam 2003 / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Jayaswal 2001 / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Joshi 2003 / no / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Kafley 2003 / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Kaphle 2003 / yes / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Karki 2003 / no / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Koirala 2003 / I / NPR
General Status / Lambert et al. 1997 / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Osti 2003 / I / NPR
General Status / Poudyal 2003 / yes / yes / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Pyakuryal 2003 / I / NPR
General Status / Rajbhandary and Bajracharya 1994 / yes / yes / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Rawal and Poudyal 1999 / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Rawal et al. 1996 / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Rawal 1995 / yes / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Rawal 1997 / yes / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Sharma 1996 / yes / yes / yes / no / L / NPR
General Status / Shrestha et al. 1994 / yes / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Shresta 1994 / no / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / ShresthaK.K. 2003 / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Shrestha K.N. 2003 / maybe / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Singh 2003 / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Subedi and Singh 1994 / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Vantomme et al. 2002 / yes / yes / L / NPR
General Status / Yadav 2003 / yes / yes / I / NPR
General Status / Amatya and Sthapit 1991 / yes / yes / L / PR
General Status / Bhattarai 1997b / yes / yes / NS / PR
General Status / Singh et al. 1979 / maybe / yes / L / PR
General Status / Kadel 1998 / yes / I / U
Sustain. Man. / Bhattarai 1995 / yes / yes / yes / L / NPR
Sustain. Man. / Ghimire et al. 2002 / yes / I / NPR
Sustain. Man. / Paudel and Rosset 1998 / yes / yes / L / NPR
Sustain. Man. / Rawal 2002 / yes / L / NPR
Sustain. Man. / Regmi and Bista 2002 / yes / L / NPR
Sustain. Man. / Shrestha and Pokharel 2000 / yes / L / NPR

Appendix 1. Continued

Subject / Reference / I1 / II / III / IV / Method2 / Type3
Sustain. Man. / Subedi and Binayee 2000 / yes / NS / NPR
Sustain. Man. / Subedi and Bhattarai 2002 / yes / yes / I / NPR
Sustain. Man. / Subedi 1999 / yes / yes / L / NPR
Sustain. Man. / Subedi 2002 / yes / yes / yes / I / NPR
Sustain. Man. / Pandit and Thapa 2003 / yes / yes / I / PR
Sustain. Man. / Pandit and Thapa 2004 / yes / yes / I / PR
Trade Analysis / Aryal 1993 / yes / yes / NS / J
Trade Analysis / Yonzon 1993 / maybe / L / J
Trade Analysis / Olsen 2001 / Q / NPR
Trade Analysis / Edwards 1993 / yes / yes / yes / maybe / I / PR
Trade Analysis / Edwards 1996b / maybe / no / yes / no / I / PR
Trade Analysis / Olsen and Helles 1997a / no / I / PR
Trade Analysis / Olsen and Treue 2003 / Q / PR
Trade Analysis / Olsen 1998 / no / no / I / PR
Trade Analysis / Sharma 1995 / maybe / yes / yes / L / PR
Trade Analysis / Edwards 1996a / yes / yes / yes / I / U
Trade Analysis / Malla et al. 1995 / yes / no / yes / I / U
Trade Analysis / Malla 1994 / yes / I / U
Conservation / Chaudhary 1998 / yes / yes / E / NPR
Conservation / Shrestha and Joshi 1996 / yes / E, H / NPR
Conservation / Siwakot and Tiwari 2002 / yes / yes / yes / L / NPR
Conservation / Bhattarai et al. 2002 / yes / E / U
Conservation / KMTNC 1998 / yes / yes / B, I / U
Conservation / Shrestha 1990 / B, I / U
Conservation / Shresta and Ghimire 1996 / maybe / I, IN, Q / U
Ec. Potential / Baral 1999 / yes / no / yes / I / NPR
Ec. Potential / Anonymous 1994 / yes / no / yes / yes / I, Q / U
Ec. Potential / ANSAB 1997a / maybe / yes / yes / I / U
Ec. Potential / ANSAB 1997b / yes / yes / yes / B, I / U
Ec. Potential / Burbage 1981 / yes / yes / no / I / U
Ec. Potential / CECI 1997b / yes / yes / yes / E / U
Ec. Potential / DeCoursey 1993 / yes / yes / yes / yes / I / U
Ec. Potential / Hertog 1995 / yes / no / yes / yes / I / U
Ec. Potential / Malla et al. 1999 / yes / yes / yes / B, I / U
Ec. Potential / New Era 1992 / yes / yes / yes / I / U
Ec. Potential / Nicholson 1997 / yes / yes / maybe / I / U
Ec. Potential / Shrestha et al. 1995 / maybe / I / U
Res. Assess. / Parajuli et al. 1999 / yes / yes / yes / yes / I, IN / NPR
Res. Assess. / Kleinn et al. 1996 / yes / L / PR
Res. Assess. / Larsen 2002 / maybe / no / I, IN / PR
Res. Assess. / Sah and Dutta 1996 / L / PR
Res. Assess. / Amatya 1995 / yes / no / yes / I, IN / U
Res. Assess. / CECI 1997a / IN / U
Res. Assess. / Pikkarainen and Paudyal 1996 / yes / IN / U
Res. Assess. / FRSC 1997 / yes / IN / U

Appendix 1. Continued

Subject / Reference / I1 / II / III / IV / Method2 / Type3
Res. Assess. / Kleinn 1994 / maybe / L / U
Pol. Document / HMG 1988a / yes / yes / yes / E / POL
Pol. Document / HMG 1988b / yes / yes / E, W / POL
Pol. Document / HMG and IUCN 1988 / yes / yes / E, W / POL
Pol. Document / HMG 1993 / yes / E, W / POL
Pol. Document / HMG 1998 / yes / yes / E, W / POL
Pol. Document / HMG 2002 / yes / yes / yes / yes / E, W / POL
Other / Chandrasekharan 1998 / yes / I / NPR
Other / CECI 1998 / yes / yes / NS / U
Other / Duwadi et al. 2000 / yes / yes / NS / NPR
Other / Neupane and Ghimere 2000 / yes / yes / NS / NPR
Other / Amatya and Sthapit 1994 / maybe / yes / I / PR
Other / Larsen and Smith 2004 / maybe / no / Q / PR
Other / Bhandari 1997 / no / I / U
Other / Kampen-van Dijken and Thapa 1998 / yes / I / U
Other / Shiva 1989 / yes / yes / yes / E / U
Pol. Analysis / Kanel 1999 / yes / L / NPR
Pol. Analysis / Kanel 2000 / yes / L / NPR
Pol. Analysis / Kanel 2002 / yes / L / NPR
Pol. Analysis / Larsen et al. 2000 / maybe / I / PR
Pol. Analysis / Olsen and Helles 1997b / maybe / I / PR
Ethnobotany / Lama et al. 2001 / yes / no / I, B / NPR
Ethnobotany / Shrestha and Dhillion 2003 / yes / yes / I / PR
Ethnobotany / Singh 1996 / yes / I / U
Biol. Study / Dhakal 2000 / yes / C / NPR
Biol. Study / Maharjan 1994 / yes / yes / C / U
Biol. Study / Rajbhandary 1987 / yes / B / PR
Ec.Importance / Karki 1995 / yes / yes / yes / Q / NPR
Ec.Importance / Olsen and Larsen 2003 / maybe / no / I / PR
Res. Assess. / Airi et al. 20024 / yes / yes / IN / PR
Cultivation / Bhojvaid et al. 20004 / yes / yes / yes / C / NPR
Ethnobotany / Dhar et al. 20024 / yes / I / PR
Conservation / Dhar et al. 20004 / yes / L / PR
Ec.Importance / Farooquee and Saxena 19964 / yes / yes / maybe / Q / PR
Conservation / Kala 20004 / yes / yes / I, IN / PR
Conservation / Kala et al. 20044 / yes / yes / I / PR
Cultivation / Manjkhola and Dhar 20024 / yes / yes / C / PR
Conservation / Pandey et al. 19934 / yes / E / NPR
Biol. Study / Pandit and Babu 19984 / yes / B / PR
Ethnobotany / Sheikh et al. 20025 / yes / yes / maybe
Res. Assess. / Uniyal et al. 20024 / yes / yes / IN / PR
Conservation / Ved et al. 19984 / yes / yes / L / PR

1 Numbers refer to assumptions I to IV.

2 B = biological study; C = cultivation trial; E = expert opinion; I = interview; IN = inventory; L = literature review; M = monitoring in plots; NS = not specified; Q = questionnaire; W = workshop.

3 J = journalistic; NPR = non-peer-reviewed published; POL = political document; PR = peer-reviewed; U = unpublished.

4 Study from India.

5 Study from Pakistan.

1