NICOTINE 2008<166>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008566584
Authors Girdhar G. Xu S. Bluestein D. Jesty J.
Institution
(Girdhar, Xu, Bluestein) Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
(Jesty) Division of Hematology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Reduced-nicotine cigarettes increase platelet activation in smokers in vivo: A dilemma in harm reduction.
Source
Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 10(12)(pp 1737-1744), 2008. Date of Publication: 2008.
Publisher
Routledge
Abstract
Nicotine is a primary constituent of tobacco and smoke, and its roles in causing addiction and causing disease are commonly conflated. In the present work, we investigated whether nicotine protects smokers' platelets against smoke-induced activation in vivo, raising a possible dilemma in harm-reduction strategies. In vivo platelet activation state (PAS) was measured by fixing blood at drawing and measuring a standard marker, platelet P-selectin (CD62P). We conducted two studies: (1) 32 smokers smoked three medium-nicotine (0.6 mg nicotine) cigarettes for 1 h. Following this initial conditioning phase, 16 subjects continued with five of the same cigarettes from 1-2.5h, resulting in a 33% increase in PAS. The other 16 subjects smoked five low/zero-nicotine cigarettes (0.05mg nicotine), causing a 94% increase in PAS. The increase in PAS caused by nicotine withdrawal in the second group is very significant (p>.02). Any compensation in smoke-intake due to nicotine withdrawal in the second group was not measured in this study. (2) To determine whether nicotine modulates platelet activation by secondhand smoke (SHS), 16 nonsmokers were exposed to medium-nicotine smoke and 16 to low/zero-nicotine smoke for 1.5h on two consecutive days. Exposure to SHS increased PAS by 60% (p>.01), but no difference in the medium and zero nicotine groups was observed (p<.09). We conclude that in smokers, nicotine modulates platelet activation, and it may significantly moderate the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by non-nicotine smoke components. Conversely, reduced-nicotine cigarettes may increase harm.
ISSN 1462-2203
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Nicotine and Tobacco Research
Volume 10
Issue Part 12
Page 1737-1744
Year of Publication 2008
Date of Publication 2008
NICOTINE 2008<173>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008538015
Authors Richter P. Hodge K. Stanfill S. Zhang L. Watson C.
Institution
(Richter) Office on Smoking and Health, NationalCenter for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
(Hodge) University of MarylandSchool of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
(Stanfill, Zhang, Watson) Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Surveillance of moist snuff: Total nicotine, moisture, pH, un-ionized nicotine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines.
Source
Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 10(11)(pp 1645-1652), 2008. Date of Publication: 2008.
Publisher
Routledge
Abstract
In 2005, approximately 2.3% of U.S. adults used smokeless tobacco. Moist snuff leads all types of smokeless tobacco in revenues and marketing expenditures. The U.S. Surgeon General has concluded that smokeless tobacco use can lead to nicotine addiction. The National Toxicology Program of the National Institutes of Health has classified smokeless tobacco as a human carcinogen. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are potent carcinogens in smokeless tobacco products, and the pH of the product influences the content of un-ionized nicotine which is the form of nicotine most rapidly absorbed in the mouth. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analyzed 40 top-selling brands of moist snuff to measure nicotine, moisture, pH, un-ionized nicotine, and TSNAs, including 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). The study findings indicate that moist snuff brands varied widely in content of rapidly absorbed, addictive un-ionized nicotine (500-fold range) and of carcinogenic TSNAs (18-fold range). Product characteristics such as packaging and moisture content appeared to be correlated with concentrations of un-ionized nicotine, and flavor characteristics of low-priced brands may correlate with TSNA concentrations. These findings warrant further study in light of (a) the marketing of smokeless tobacco for use in places where smoking is prohibited, (b) the promotion of smokeless tobacco as a harm-reduction product, and (c) the ever-expanding number of highly flavored smokeless varieties brought to the market.
ISSN 1462-2203
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Nicotine and Tobacco Research
Volume 10
Issue Part 11
Page 1645-1652
Year of Publication 2008
Date of Publication 2008
NICOTINE 2008<174>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008538013
Authors
Parker A.B. Gilbert D.G.
Institution
(Parker, Gilbert) Department of Psychology, Southern IllinoisUniversity, Carbondale, IL, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Brain activity during anticipation of smoking-related and emotionally positive pictures in smokers and nonsmokers: A new measure of cue reactivity.
Source
Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 10(11)(pp 1627-1631), 2008. Date of Publication: 2008.
Publisher
Routledge
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a brain wave pattern known as stimulus preceding negativity (SPN) can index the anticipation of motivationally relevant events. The present study was the first to use SPN as an index of the motivational significance of smoking-related pictures. Emotionally positive and neutral pictures served as controls. The paradigm involved the following sequence: (a) presentation of a picture (S1) for 500 ms, (b) a fixation cross for 3,500 ms, (c) a second presentation (S2) of the same picture for 2,000 ms, and (d) another fixation cross signifying the beginning of a new S1-S2 trial using a different picture. The participants (N = 24, half smokers and half nonsmokers) viewed pictures from three categories (smoking-related, emotionally positive, or emotionally neutral). Consistent with predictions, smokers exhibited significantly greater mean SPN amplitudes in anticipation of smoking-related pictures relative to neutral pictures. Among nonsmokers the SPN was significantly smaller in anticipation of smoking pictures compared with neutral pictures. These findings are consistent with the incentive sensitization theory of addiction and other conditioning and cue-reactivity models.
ISSN 1462-2203
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Nicotine and Tobacco Research
Volume 10
Issue Part 11
Page 1627-1631
Year of Publication 2008
Date of Publication 2008
NICOTINE 2008<205>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008489158
AuthorsReus V.I. Smith B.J.
Institution
(Reus) Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.
(Smith) Envision Pharma Ltd., Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom.
(Reus) Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Multimodal techniques for smoking cessation: A review of their efficacy and utilisation and clinical practice guidelines.
Source
International Journal of Clinical Practice. 62(11)(pp 1753-1768), 2008. Date of Publication: November 2008.
Publisher
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Abstract
Aims: Nicotine addiction is a complex, chronic condition with physiological and psychological/behavioural aspects that make smoking cessation extremely difficult. This paper reviews current recommendations for smoking cessation and the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and behavioural modification techniques, used either alone or in combination, for smoking cessation. Results: Abstinence rates for pharmacotherapies range from [similar to]16% to [similar to]30% at 1-year follow-up, with efficacy odds ratios (ORs) compared with placebo of [similar to]1.7 for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), [similar to]1.9 for bupropion sustained release and [similar to]3.0 for varenicline. Behaviour modification therapies have achieved quit rates of between 8% and 43% for up to 1 year, with ORs in comparison to no treatment of between [similar to]1.2 and [similar to]2.2. No direct comparisons have been made between pharmacotherapy alone and psychological behaviour strategies alone. However, combining physiological approaches with counselling significantly increases the odds of quitting compared with either technique alone. Conclusions: Applying multimodal techniques for the treatment of nicotine addiction is the recommended approach and has demonstrated the potential to improve rates of permanent abstinence in smokers attempting cessation. While the numbers of patients receiving help and advice regarding smoking cessation is increasing, the multimodal approach appears to be currently underutilised by clinicians and therefore smoking cessation strategies are not being optimised. copyright 2008 The Authors.
ISSN 1368-5031
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name International Journal of Clinical Practice
Volume 62
Issue Part 11
Page 1753-1768
Year of Publication 2008
Date of Publication November 2008
NICOTINE / ECONOMICS 2008<220>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008489434
Authors Sloan F.A. Wang Y.
Institution
(Sloan, Wang) DukeUniversity, Durham, NC, United States.
(Sloan) National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, United States.
(Sloan) Duke University, 114 Rubenstein Hall, Box 990253, 302 Towerview Rd., Durham, NC 27708, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Economic theory and evidence on smoking behavior of adults.
Source
Addiction. 103(11)(pp 1777-1785), 2008. Date of Publication: November 2008.
Publisher
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Abstract
Aims: To describe: (i) three alternative conceptual frameworks used by economists to study addictive behaviors: rational, imperfectly rational and irrational addiction; (ii) empirical economic evidence on each framework and specific channels to explain adult smoking matched to the frameworks; and (iii) policy implications for each framework. Methods: A systematic review and appraisal of important theoretical and empirical economic studies on smoking. Results: There is some empirical support for each framework. For rational and imperfectly rational addiction there is some evidence that anticipated future cigarette prices influence current cigarette consumption, and quitting costs are high for smokers. Smokers are more risk-tolerant in the financial domain than are others and tend to attach a lower value to being in good health. Findings on differences in rates of time preference by smoking status are mixed; however, short-term rates are higher than long-term rates for both smokers and non-smokers, a stylized fact consistent with hyperbolic discounting. The economic literature lends no empirical support to the view that mature adults smoke because they underestimate the probability of harm to health from smoking. In support of the irrationality framework, smokers tend to be more impulsive than others in domains not related directly to smoking, implying that they may be sensitive to cues that trigger smoking. Conclusions: Much promising economic research uses the imperfectly rational addiction framework, but empirical research based on this framework is still in its infancy. copyright 2008 The Authors.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 103
Issue Part 11
Page 1777-1785
Year of Publication 2008
Date of Publication November 2008
NICOTINE 2008<243>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008455915
Authors Tutka P.
Institution
(Tutka) MedicalUniversity of Lublin, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Lublin, Poland.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Nicotinic receptor partial agonists as novel compounds for the treatment of smoking cessation.
Source
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 17(10)(pp 1473-1485), 2008. Date of Publication: October 2008.
Publisher
Informa Healthcare
Abstract
Nicotine addiction and the neurobiological mechanisms explaining nicotine reinforcement, withdrawal, and relapse involve alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This review updates readers on the preclinical and clinical pharmacology, as well as the therapeutic efficacy and safety of cytisine and varenicline, the two partial agonists of nAChRs for smoking cessation. Cytisine has been used for several decades: yet despite its surprising popularity in some parts of the world, it has been absent from almost all existing reviews of smoking cessation drugs. If safe and sufficiently efficacious, an obvious advantage would be its low cost, which could make cytisine an attractive treatment available to millions of smokers. Varenicline was recently introduced to the drug market and has been found to be more efficacious than existing treatments. Very encouraging results of early human trials and strong theoretical background for their use make the nAChRs partial agonists a promising alternative for currently available antismoking treatments. copyright 2008 Informa UK Ltd.
ISSN 1354-3784
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
Volume 17
Issue Part 10
Page 1473-1485
Year of Publication 2008
Date of Publication October 2008
NICOTINE 2008<249>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008412272
Authors Battista S.R. Stewart S.H. Fulton H.G. Steeves D. Darredeau C. Gavric D.
Institution
(Battista, Stewart, Fulton, Gavric) Department of Psychology, DalhousieUniversity, Halifax, NS, Canada.
(Stewart, Darredeau) Department of Psychiatry, DalhousieUniversity, Halifax, NS, Canada.
(Steeves) Addiction Prevention and Treatment Services, Capital District Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
A further investigation of the relations of anxiety sensitivity to smoking motives.
Source
Addictive Behaviors. 33(11)(pp 1402-1408), 2008. Date of Publication: November 2008.
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Abstract
Prior research has shown that anxiety sensitivity (AS) is associated with smoking to reduce negative affect (e.g., [Comeau, N., Stewart, S.H., & Loba, P., (2001). The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity and sensation seeking to adolescents' motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 803-825.]). However, given limitations in the measurement of smoking motives in previous AS studies, it has yet to be definitively established that AS is specifically related to negative reinforcement smoking motives. Moreover, the overall AS construct is comprised of three lower-order components: physical, psychological, and social concerns (e.g., [Stewart, S.H., Taylor, S., & Baker, J.M., (1997). Gender differences in dimensions of anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 179-200.]). Previous investigations generally have not examined the relative contributions of each of these three AS components to smoking for negative reinforcement motives. The present study attempted to address each of these gaps in the literature. A sample of 119 smokers attending a tobacco intervention program (see [Mullane, J.C., Stewart, S.H., Rhyno, E., Steeves, D., Watt, M., & Eisner, A., (2008). Anxiety sensitivity and difficulties with smoking cessation. In A.M. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in Psychological Research (vol. 54A, pp. 141-155). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.]) completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; [Peterson, R.A., & Reiss, S., (1992). The Anxiety Sensitivity Index manual (2nd ed.). Worthington, OH: International Diagnostic Services.]) and the Reasons For Smoking scale (RFS; [Ikard, F.F., Green, D.E., & Horn, D., (1969). A scale to differentiate between types of smoking as related to the management of affect. International Journal of the Addictions, 4, 649-659.]) at pre-treatment. In a principal components analysis (PCA) of the RFS items, stringent parallel analysis supported a two-factor solution (negative and positive reinforcement smoking motives) as opposed to the intended six factors ([Ikard, F.F., Green, D.E., & Horn, D., (1969). A scale to differentiate between types of smoking as related to the management of affect. International Journal of the Addictions, 4, 649-659.]). ASI total scores were significantly positively correlated with both RFS factors in bivariate correlational analyses. In partial correlations, the relation between the ASI and the RFS negative reinforcement factor remained significant when controlling for RFS positive reinforcement smoking motives, but the correlation of ASI with RFS positive reinforcement motives was not significant after controlling for RFS negative reinforcement motives. At the level of AS components, AS psychological concerns were related to both negative and positive reinforcement motives, while AS physical concerns were more strongly related to negative reinforcement motives. Implications for designing targeted tobacco interventions for high AS smokers are discussed. copyright 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4603
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addictive Behaviors
Volume 33
Issue Part 11
Page 1402-1408
Year of Publication 2008
Date of Publication November 2008
NICOTINE 2008<252>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008412268
Authors Johnson K.A. Zvolensky M.J. Marshall E.C. Gonzalez A. Abrams K. Vujanovic A.A.
Institution
(Johnson, Zvolensky, Marshall, Gonzalez, Vujanovic) The University of Vermont, United States.
(Abrams) Carleton College, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Linkages between cigarette smoking outcome expectancies and negative emotional vulnerability.
Source
Addictive Behaviors. 33(11)(pp 1416-1424), 2008. Date of Publication: November 2008.
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Abstract
The present investigation examined whether smoking outcome expectancies, as measured by the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (SCQ; [Brandon, T.H., & Baker, T.B., (1991). The Smoking Consequences Questionnaire: The subjective expected utility of smoking in college students. Psychological Assessment, 3, 484-491.]), were incrementally related to emotional vulnerability factors among an adult sample of 202 daily cigarette smokers (44.6% women; Mage = 23.78 years, SD = 9.69 years). After controlling for cigarettes smoked/day, past 30-day marijuana use, current alcohol consumption, and coping style, negative reinforcement/negative affect reduction outcome expectancies were significantly associated with greater levels of negative affectivity, emotional dysregulation, and anxiety sensitivity. The observed effects for negative reinforcement/negative affect reduction also were independent of shared variance with other outcome expectancies. Negative personal consequences outcome expectancies were significantly and incrementally related to anxiety sensitivity, but not negative affectivity or emotional dysregulation. Findings are discussed in terms of the role of negative reinforcement/negative affect reduction smoking outcome expectancies and clinically-relevant negative emotional vulnerability for better understanding cigarette smoking-negative mood problems. copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4603
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addictive Behaviors
Volume 33
Issue Part 11
Page 1416-1424
Year of Publication 2008
Date of Publication November 2008
NICOTINE 2008<254>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008451833
Authors Rahnasto M. Wittekindt C. Juvonen R.O. Turpeinen M. Petsalo A. Pelkonen O. Poso A. Stahl G. Holtje H.-D. Raunio H.
Institution
(Rahnasto, Juvonen, Raunio) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
(Wittekindt, Poso) Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
(Turpeinen, Pelkonen) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
(Turpeinen, Petsalo) Novamass Analytical Ltd., Kiviharjuntie, Oulu, Finland.
(Stahl, Holtje) Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-HeineUniversity of Dusseldorf, Universitatsstrasse 1, Dusseldorf, Germany.