Physiology / Fetal Pig Dissection

At the end of this unit, I will:

explain the structure and function of organs and organ systems and how they work cooperatively within an organism.

be able to carefully dissect, reveal, and identify anatomical features of a fetal pig.

Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes I will be able to understand when I see them in words are:

cardio-, veno-, arterio- lymph-, ova-, spermato-, reno-, caudo-, cephalo-, hemo-, lympho-, spleno-, thymo-, laryngo-, naso-, pharyngo-, tracheo-, esophago-, colo-, pancreato-, gastro-, nephron-, uretero-, urethro-, sebo-, gonado-, utero-

The terms I can clearly define are:

Group 1: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Group 2: cardiovascular system, muscular system, lymphatic system, immune system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, nervous system, integumentary system, endocrine system, reproductive system, skeletal system.

Group 3: Complement System, Phagocytes, Macrophages, Lymphocytes, T-cells, B-cells, Antigens, Antibodies, Plasma Cells, Memory Cells

The assignments I will have completed by the end of this unit are:

Dissection Cover Page

Fetal Pig Virtual Dissection

Fetal Pig Dissection

Fetal Pig Dissection Practical

Physiology / Fetal Pig Dissection Student Design Cover Page
(see guidelines on page 16)

Topic: Immune System: Holly Jones Gets the Flu
  1. Which part of the body must the influenza-B virus reach in order to survive and multiply?

  1. How does the influenza-B virus trick healthy cells?

  1. About how many influenza-B viruses will be produced within a couple of hours of initial infection?

  1. What is the human body's front line of defense against the influenza-B virus?

  1. What do macrophages do?

  1. What is the cause of symptoms of the flu?

  1. What is the role of interleukin in the immune response?

  1. Why do you get a fever in response to the flu?

  1. What is a major role of dendritic cells in fighting the influenza-B virus?

  1. Where are T-cells located?

  1. What is the role of the T-cell in fighting infection?

  1. What is the role of B-cells in fighting infection?

  1. What happens to the T-cells that don’t die?

  1. Will a person who has had the influenza-B virus have immunity from ALL flu viruses in the future?

Immune System (The Basics)

The Immune System: Mark the following text about the immune system.

I. Introduction

The immune system is one of nature's more fascinating inventions. With ease, it protects us against billions of bacteria, viruses, and other parasites. Most of us never reflect upon the fact that while we hang out with our friends, watch TV, or go to school, inside our bodies, our immune system is constantly on the alert, attacking at the first sign of an invasion by harmful organisms.

The immune system is very complex. It's made up of several types of cells and proteins that have different jobs to do in fighting foreign invaders. In this section, we'll take a look at the parts of the immune system in some detail. If you're reading about the immune system for the first time, we recommend that you take a look at theImmune System Overviewfirst (see link below).

II. The Complement System

The first part of the immune system that meets invaders such as bacteria is a group of proteins called thecomplement system. These proteins flow freely in the blood and can quickly reach the site of an invasion where they can react directly withantigens -molecules that the body recognizes as foreign substances. When activated, the complement proteins can
1) trigger inflammation (swelling)
2) attract macrophages
3) coat intruders so that macrophages can devour them
4) kill intruders.

III. Phagocytes

This is a group of immune cells specialized in finding and "eating" bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured body cells. There are three main types, the granulocyte, the macrophage, and the dendritic cell.

/ The granulocytesoften take the first stand during an infection. They attack any invaders in large numbers, and "eat" until they die. The pus in an infected wound consists chiefly of dead granulocytes. A small part of the granulocyte community is specialized in attacking larger parasites such as worms.
/ The macrophages("big eaters") are slower to respond to invaders than the granulocytes, but they are larger, live longer, and have far greater capacities. Macrophages also play a key part in alerting the rest of the immune system of invaders. Macrophages start out as white blood cells called monocytes. Monocytes that leave the blood stream turn into macrophages..
/ The dendritic cellsare "eater" cells and devour intruders, like the granulocytes and the macrophages. And like the macrophages, the dendritic cells help with the activation of the rest of the immune system. They are also capable of filtering body fluids to clear them of foreign organisms and particles.

IV. Lymphocytes - T cells and B cells


The lymphatic system. The receptors match only one specific
antigen.

White blood cells calledlymphocytesoriginate in the bone marrow but migrate to parts of thelymphatic systemsuch as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. There are two main types of lymphatic cells,T cellsandB cells. The lymphatic system also involves a transportation system - lymph vessels - for transportation and storage of lymphocyte cells within the body. The lymphatic system feeds cells into the body and filters out dead cells and invading organisms such as bacteria.

On the surface of each lymphatic cell are receptors that enable them to recognize foreign substances. These receptors are very specialized - each can match only one specific antigen.

To understand the receptors, think of a hand that can only grab one specific item. Imagine that your hands could only pick up apples. You would be a true apple-picking champion - but you wouldn't be able to pick up anything else.

In your body, each single receptor equals a hand in search of its "apple." The lymphocyte cells travel through your body until they find an antigen of the right size and shape to match their specific receptors. It might seem limiting that the receptors of each lymphocyte cell can only match one specific type of antigen, but the body makes up for this by producing so many different lymphocyte cells that the immune system can recognize nearly all invaders.

V. T cells

T cells come in two different types, helper cells and killer cells. They are named T cells after the thymus, an organ situated under the breastbone. T cells are produced in the bone marrow and later move to the thymus where they mature.

Helper T cellsare the major driving force and the main regulators of the immune defense. Their primary task is to activate B cells and killer T cells. However, the helper T cells themselves must be activated. This happens when a macrophage or dendritic cell, which has eaten an invader, travels to the nearest lymph node to present information about the captured pathogen. The phagocyte displays an antigen fragment from the invader on its own surface, a process calledantigen presentation. When the receptor of a helper T cell recognizes the antigen, the T cell is activated. Once activated, helper T cells start to divide and to produce proteins that activate B and T cells as well as other immune cells.

The killer T cellis specialized in attacking cells of the body infected by viruses and sometimes also by bacteria. It can also attack cancer cells. The killer T cell has receptors that are used to search each cell that it meets. If a cell is infected, it is swiftly killed. Infected cells are recognized because tiny traces of the intruder, antigen, can be found on their surface.

VI. B Cells

The B lymphocyte cellsearches for antigen matching its receptors. If it finds such antigen it connects to it, and inside the B cell a triggering signal is set off. The B cell now needs proteins produced by helper T cells to become fully activated. When this happens, the B cell starts to divide to produce clones of itself. During this process, two new cell types are created, plasma cells and B memory cells.

The plasma cellis specialized in producing a specific protein, called anantibody,that will respond to the same antigen that matched the B cell receptor. Antibodies are released from the plasma cell so that they can seek out intruders and help destroy them. Plasma cells produce antibodies at an amazing rate and can release tens of thousands of antibodies per second.

When the Y-shaped antibody finds a matching antigen, it attaches to it. The attached antibodies serve as an appetizing coating for eater cells such as the macrophage. Antibodies also neutralize toxins and incapacitate viruses, preventing them from infecting new cells. Each branch of the Y-shaped antibody can bind to a different antigen, so while one branch binds to an antigen on one cell, the other branch could bind to another cell - in this way pathogens are gathered into larger groups that are easier for phagocyte cells to devour. Bacteria and other pathogens covered with antibodies are also more likely to be attacked by the proteins from the complement system.

The Memory Cellsare the second cell type produced by the division of B cells. These cells have a prolonged life span and can thereby "remember" specific intruders. T cells can also produce memory cells with an even longer life span than B memory cells. The second time an intruder tries to invade the body, B and T memory cells help the immune system to activate much faster. The invaders are wiped out before the infected human feels any symptoms. The body has achieved immunity against the invader.

Immune System Concept Map

Create a concept map based on your reading from pages 491 – 494. Unlike your other concept maps, each reading section marked by roman numerals must be represented by at least 5 terms; thus 30 terms total minimum!! Some sections may need more terms. Because this concept map is so extensive, you will thoroughlyexplain your concept map on the following page. Be sure to clearly show an understanding of the immune system in your summary.

On-line Virtual Pig Dissection

To prepare ourselves for the task of dissection, we will explore a virtual dissection online. It is your task to complete the following quizzes prior to dissection in class. Due dates will be assigned by your individual classroom teacher. To complete the virtual dissection, go to the following web-page to complete the quizzes on pages 498 – 505 of your interactive notebook:

During this dissection, we will be exploring the following systems in detail.

•Digestive System – Day One

•Respiratory System – Day Two

•Circulatory System – Day Two

•Excretory System – Day Three

•Reproductive System – Day Three

Anatomical References Quiz

Label the regions: Pelvic region, Cranial region, Caudal region, Pectoral regions

Label the regions: Ventral, Posterior, Dorsal, Anterior

Circle the correct choice

1. On the pig above, letter A is (medial, lateral). Letter B is (medial, lateral)

2. With respect to marker A, marker B is (proximal, distal) to the point of reference.

3. With respect to marker B, marker A is (proximal, distal) to the point of reference.

Sexing Your Pig Quiz

1. An easy way to determine the sex of your pig is to check for the presence or absence of nipples. True or False?

2. Only the male pig has a urogenital opening. True or False?

3. The male fetal pig has a developing scrotal sac, a penis, and a urogenital papilla. True or False?

4. The pig featured below is what sex?

5. Label the diagram using the following terms. Urogenital papilla, umbilical cord, teats (nipples), anus

Respiratory System Quiz

Fill in the blank using the following terms: lungs, bronchi, diaphragm, nares, trachea. Following each definition, what number (1-5) did you used to label each of the structures on your on-line virtual quiz?

______Connects upper and lower respiratory system (number ___)

______Distributes air into both lungs (number ___)

______Contraction creates negative pressure (number ___)

______Air enters the respiratory system (number ___)

______Aids gas exchange with its large surface area

(number ___)

Trace the path of gas molecules throughout the body. For this activity, use red arrows to trace the path of Oxygen (O2) and blue arrows to trace the path of carbon dioxide (CO2). Draw these arrows using red or blue ink. The first one is done for you as an example.

Circulatory System Quiz

Determine the proper cycle of blood throughout the body by filling in the flowchart with the terms: body, right atrium, lungs, left ventricle, right ventricle, left atrium, CO2 and O2 exchange


Digestive System Quiz

Identify the organs and their functions by filling in the following descriptions with the appropriate terms: mesentery, pharynx, gall, nares, pyloric, spleen, rectum, rugae, large, papillae, salivary, small, pancreas.

1. These ridges in the stomach allow the stomach to expand and hold more food for digestion. ______

2. The ______gland secretes some of the first enzymes in the digestion process.

3. Located on the tongue of the pig, the sensory ______are responsible for the sense of taste.

4. The ______sphincter controls the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine.

5. This structure appears purplish due to the close proximity of the veins and arteries running through it.

6. It is the ______bladder that stores and concentrates bile for release in the stomach.

7. The ______intestine helps finish the digestive process by reabsorbing water and creating fecal matter.

8. The ______intestine is the main structure responsible for the absorption of essential nutrients into the body.

9. This structure stores fecal matter prior to excretion.

10. This small structure takes in red blood cells and other cells and breaks them down to recycle back to the body. ______

11. The paired ______are holes in the snout of the pig that facilitate breathing while warming in-coming air.

12. This organ manufactures digestive juices and enzymes to help portions of the digestive process. ______

Identify the organs 1-6 from the digestive system quiz.

Organ #1 ______Organ #2 ______

Organ #3 ______Organ #4 ______

Organ #5 ______Organ #6 ______

Excretory System Quiz

Fill in the blank using the following terms: renal artery, ureter, bladder, renal vein, kidney. Following each definition, what numbers, (1-5), did you used to label each of the structures on your on-line virtual quiz?

  • ______Takes filtered blood from the kidney back to

the heart. (Number ___)

  • ______Transports urine to the bladder for storage.

(Number ___)

  • ______Transports unfiltered blood from the heart to

the kidney. (Number ___)

  • ______Reabsorbs nutrients, secretes wastes by

filtering blood. (Number ___)

  • ______Takes filtered blood from the kidney back to

the heart. (Number ___)

  • ______Stores urine until it can be excreted out of the

body. (Number ___)

Fill in the blank using the following terms: cortex, ureter, renal pelvis, medulla. Following each definition, what numbers, (1-4), did you used to label each of the structures on your on-line virtual quiz?

  • ______Collects filtrate from the kidney (Number ___)
  • ______The outer region of the kidney (Number ___)
  • ______Takes collected waste from the kidney to the

bladder(Number ___)

  • ______Inner portion of the kidney. (Number ___)

Reproductive System Quiz

Label the parts of the female reproductive system based on the image you see on your virtual quiz.

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

Label the parts of the male reproductive system based on the image you see on your virtual quiz.

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

4. ______

5. ______

Put the structures in order that the unfertilized egg passes through the reproductive system.

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

4. ______

5. ______

Reproductive System Quiz

Put the structures in order that the male sperm passes through.

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

4. ______

5. ______

Match the following terms with the description of its function: cervix, oviducts, testes, testosterone, urethra, vagina, scrotal sac, ovaries, uterus, epididymus, vasdeferentia

  • ______contain eggs and release hormones
  • ______the principal sex hormone in the male is…
  • the fetus develops in the ______
  • ______These tubes carry sperm from the testes to the urethra
  • Fertilization normally occurs in the ______
  • ______contain eggs and release hormones
  • ______produce sperm and release sex hormones

Label the anatomical direction, according to the lecture notes.

Topic: Introduction to Fetal Pig Dissection
Define the following anatomical regions:
Cranial
Caudal
Dorsal
Ventral
Anterior
Posterior /
  • Cranial – head region
  • Caudal – tail region
  • Dorsal – back region
  • Ventral – stomach region
  • Anterior – towards the front
  • Posterior – towards the back

What is the difference between medial and lateral? / ______: closer to the trunk.
______: further from the trunk.
What is the difference between proximal and distal? / ______: closer to a reference point.
______: further from a reference point.
For example, the elbow is ______to the shoulder, while the wrist is more ______to the shoulder.
Consider their classification and think about the similarities between human and pig. /

We study and dissect pigs due to their physiological and anatomical similarities to humans. Brainstorm ways in which their basic appearance and internal anatomy may be similar or different.