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Notecards
Revolutionary America, 1763-1800
Assignment: 41 points
1.copy each of these terms onto their own separate index card
- on the back of the card write bullet points
1. defining the term (def)
2. explaining why that event was so important in American history (sig)
Example:
Term: Civil War
Definition: Fight between the North and South that lasted from 1861 to 1865.
Significance: The American Civil War finally settled the issue of slavery that had plagued America since its inception. Also, the Union victory firmly established the Federal Government’s supremacy over state governments and their claims for local control and state’s rights.
(Do write definition and significance)
For an era term, please put the dates of the time period (including the events that started and ended the era), the theme of the era, and the major events of the time period.
- The index cards will be due two classes before the unit test.
- Have them rubber banded, numbered, and in the exact order I listed them for you when you turn them in. Please write how many cards you have left blank also.
- Save these index cards so you can use them when you go to study for the AP exam
Terms:
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- Revolutionary Era, 1754-1800
- French and Indian War (Seven Year’s War)
- Albany Plan of Union
- Pontiac’s Rebellion
- Proclamation of 1763
- Stamp Act
- John Locke & Natural Rights Philosophy
- Sons of Liberty
- Virtual versus actual representation
- Townshend Acts
- Boston Massacre
- Coercive Acts (AKA Intolerable or Repressive Acts)
- Thomas Paine: Common Sense
- Declaration of Independence
- Loyalists
- French Alliance of 1778 (Reasons for it by both sides)
- African Americans during the Revolutionary War
- Articles of Confederation structure (give 4 + examples)
- Articles of Confederation successes (3+ give concrete examples)
- Articles of Confederation failures (give 3+ concrete examples)
- Northwest Ordinance
- Effects of the Revolution on Women
- Effects of the Revolution on African Americans
- Republican Motherhood
- Shays’ Rebellion
- The Great Compromise
- Slavery and the Constitution: (international slave trade, 3/5 clause, fugitive slave clause)
- Federalist Papers
- Constitutional Structure (give 4 + examples)
- Bill of Rights (give 3+ examples)
- Beard Thesis
- Why did political parties develop from 1789-1800? (List 5+ examples with a T chart comparing Federalists & Democratic Republicans Ideologies)
- Hamilton’s Financial Program
- 1st National Bank Debate
- Whiskey Rebellion
- French Revolution/ Neutrality Proclamation
- Jay’s Treaty
- Washington’s Farewell Address
- XYZ Affair
- Alien and Sedition Acts
- Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
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Potential Essay Questions
One of these essay questions will appear on your test:
- Some historians have argued that the French and Indian War marked a turning point in British imperial policy toward the American colonies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
- Some historians have argued that a high tax burden on the colonists caused the Americans to rebel in 1776. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
- Some historians have argued that the American Revolution was not revolutionary in nature. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
- Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
The Road to Revolution 1754-1776
Some historians have argued that the French and Indian War marked a turning point in British imperial policy toward the American colonies.–Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
Causes of the French and Indian War
•French and British settlement into the ______
•French hoped to connect New France to settlements in Louisiana
•First Battle: Lieutenant Colonel ______defeats a French reconnaissance party in a surprise attack, killed 10 French soldiers, including the French commander, Coulon de Jumonville
•British Fort Necessity and French Fort Duquesne
•Washington forced to surrender
•Britain and France did not officially declare war against each other until 1756
Albany Plan of Union, 1754
•Ben Franklin and representatives from New England, New York, Maryland, & Pennsylvania
•The immediate purpose was to keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British.
•Failed League of Iroquois broke off relation with Britain and threatened to trade with the French
•Long term range goal was to achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French threat.
•Failed to ______under one government, showed the disunity of the colonies, amazing turn of events 23 years later the colonies will fight together
The French and Indian War = The War that ______
•Colonists fight in the war and develop a ______
•British win, but have a ______
that they need to pay off
•Tax colonist to make-up the difference AND do not let them ______- bitter feelings
The Effects of the French and Indian War:
•Tensions Along the frontier
•1763 ______
•Native Americans do not stop fighting the French and Indian War
•Loose confederation of tribes attack 8 Western British forts
•British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.
•British put down the revolt, but with great expense
•Response: Proclamation of 1763- settlers cannot move ______, too expense for Britain to police and settlers ignore
•1763 was a turning point in British colonial relationships, Britain began to ______
New Smyrna, 1768
•Dr. Andrew Turnbull secured a land grant of 40,000 acres, proprietary colony
•Organized the largest attempt at British colonization in the New World
•Named in honor of his wife's (Maria Gracia Dura Bin) birthplace: Smyrna, Asia Minor
•1,403 indentured servant immigrants from Minorica, Italy,Smyrna, Asia Minor, and numerous Greek islands came over on 8 ships
Turnbull’s Land Grant, proprietary colony
Why geographically pick this spot?
Why is this called Minorca?
Why is it called Turnbull Bay and Turnbull Road?
Produced cash crops: indigo, hemp, and sugar cane
What is this place?
•Indian Mound
•Turnbull’s House or warehouse, 1768
•Dr. Ambrose Hull’s house, 1803
•In 1854, John D. Sheldon 40 room hotel and during the Civil War in July 1863, this structure was destroyed by the Union navy
•In 1867 Sheldon built a new hotel, which also housed a post office and several stores, stood until 1896 when it was torn down
The King’s Highway
•The King’s Highway, cleared in 1632 by following Indian trails, is one of the first roads in the New World
•It connected St. Augustine to NSB
•It ended at the Old Stone Wharf
•The wharf was necessary for the import and export of goods.
•Remains of Turnbull’s Old Stone Wharf are visible at low tide.
•Said to be the first public works program for the colony.
•Clinch Street and Riverside Dr.
Why is it called Canal Street?
Turnbull’s “Egyptian” Canals
•Several canals were created by the colonists.
•Dug by hand and lined with coquina, a system of waterways was created for agricultural purposes beginning in 1768
•Canals are clearly visible at the boundary between the towns of New Smyrna and Edgewater and running through the park on Myrtle Avenue
Collapse
•First, preparations had only been made to accommodate 500 people
•Under-provisioned colony
•The death rate by 1777 was 964, 70% of the original number of settlers
•Slave ship carrying 500 people sank at sea
•Plantation suffered major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Native American raids
Collapse
•Harsh treatment by overseers
•500 remaining colonists marched north in 1777 toSt. Augustine to complain of mistreatment and released from their servitude
•In 1783, the Spanish retook Florida as part of the Treaty of Paris and Andrew Turnbull moved to Charleston, South Carolina.
•Colonists continued to live in St. Augustine
Some historians have argued that a high tax burden on the colonists caused Americans to rebel in 1776.
–Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
Sugar Act, 1764
•Extension of the 1733 Molasses Act which required a tariff on all sugar products that were imported into America from the West Indies
•Tax implemented to pay for the protection of the colonists
•Colonists routinely ______around it, which was not allowed to go on in any other part of the British Empire
•The colonies were lightly taxed when compared to the rest of the British Empire.
•American colonists "paid no more than sixpence a year against the average English taxpayer's twenty-five shillings"
•The price of sugar products was actually lowered through this act because the tariff was removed and the duty on foreign molasses imported into the British colonies was reduced from sixpence to threepence
•Colonists ______the purchase of sugar purchases
•Colonial mindset maintained that in accepting the tax, they would have been accepting the right for Parliament to impose a tax upon them.
Stamp Act 1765
•1st ever ______
•Purpose: Raise revenues to support the ______
•“No taxation without ______” cry
•Taxed ______
•Riots erupted led by the ______
•Upset the wrong kind of people, like ______
Declaratory Acts, 1766
•Passed after the Stamp Act was ______
•Asserted that England possessed the ______.
For every action, there is a …
•Townshend Acts, 1767- Taxed imports like ______
•Tax was an ______duty ("external tax")
•Revenues from taxes to pay salaries of __________
•Colonists resist and do not ______
•Repealed because hurt ____________so much
The Boston Massacre (March 5,1770) ______
•5 die in the shooting
•African American ______first to die
•Colonists exploited the event to portray the British as heavy-handed
•Propagandized by Paul Revere
•8 soldiers put on trial for murder, defended by John ______
•6 acquitted, 2 found guilty of manslaughter were sentenced to branding on their hand.
The Regulator Movement, 1766-1771
•Carolina backcountry people organized and protested unfair taxes and representation
•Took over the government in the backcountry and prevented taxes from being collected and courts from operating and collecting debt.
•More exposed inter-colonial (East-West) tensions than Imperial tensions
•Few Regulators became ______
The Gaspee Incident (1772) ______
Tea Act (1773)
•British East India Co.:
–______imports.
–Many members of Parl. held ______.
–Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to cols. without
______
Boston Tea Party (______)
The Coercive or Intolerable Acts 1774
1. Port Act-Closed ______
2. Government Act- Mass.______
3. New Quartering Act- expanded ______
4. Administration of Justice Act- royal ______
The Quebec Act (1774)
•______to Canadians
•No ______in Canada
First Continental Congress (1774)
Agenda How to respond to the ______?
Pass Suffolk Resolves:
•Decision to cease all ______with Britain until the Coercive Acts were repealed
•Began to arm ______
The British Are Coming . . .
______make their midnight ride to warn the ______of approaching British soldiers.
The Shot Heard ’Round the World!
______– April 18,1775
The Second Continental Congress (1775) ______
Thomas Paine: ______
Declaration of Independence (1776)
•Issued on ______, resolution passed on July 2 to break free
•Primary Author, Thomas Jefferson
•John ______and Ben ______, all were on the committee speaking for the 2nd Continental Congress
•1st draft blamed the ______in America
•Drew on ______ideals, refers to God in a less personal way
•Divided into 2 sections
–1st declared ______of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, right to overthrow unjust governments
–2nd part listed abuses by ______, the specific reasons for independence
•______- got colonists to ______the Revolutionary War cause, got other nations (______) around the world to help
•Significance: Our ______promise to ourselves, our vision statement, our core beliefs, yet nothing is ______in it
The American Revolutionary War, 1776-1783
Saratoga: The Turning Point, 1778
•______captured 9,500 person British Army led by General Burgoyne, huge victory
•Convinced ______that Americans could win
•Ben Franklin helped negotiate ______
•Turned the war into a ______
•Never could have won the war without France’s ______
•France eager for ______, yet agreed not to make any claims to North America
Loyalists
•Also called ______- “A thing whose head is in England, whose body is in America, and whose neck ought to be stretched.”
•About ______of population, 450,000- 500,000
•John Adams letter said that "1/3 supported the Revolution, 1/3 opposed it and 1/3 were neutral.”
•______area, more in the South & Middle Colonies
•Recent British immigrants, Anglicans outside of the South, ______, Georgia, gov. officials who owed their jobs to the empire, ______?
•Famous ones include William Franklin, Benedict Arnold, ______, and Joseph Galloway
•About ______percent of the Loyalists left, an estimated white ______Loyalists, or about 2 percent of the total American population of 3 million in 1783. The figure of 100,000 Loyalists is often given for the number who actually went into exile, but this is more of guesstimate that could be regarded as somewhat accurate if Indian and Black Loyalists and emigrants to Canada (1/2 to Nova Scotia) from the USA from 1783-1800 are included
•1st American ______?
Loyalists, Royalists, King’s Men, ______versus ______, Patriots, Rebels, Revolutionaries, colonists
Women during the Revolution
•Many stay at home and run farms, businesses, and children as men go off to fight
•______with sewing, clothing, bandages, & blankets
•Poorer ones, 1/15, go off and ______b/c no means to support selves
•______- organize relief and harass loyalists
African Americans during the Revolution
•Declaration of Independence ideas of liberty & equality excited African Americans
•Southern whites expected the British to start slave ______
•1775, ______offered freedom to any slave who fought for the British, 800 joined
•African Americans fought in the war on ______ sides
•Washington at first barred them from the Continental Army, but policy changed as got more desperate, ______fought for the Rebels
•1,000’s joined the British under General Clinton in the South and after the fall of Charleston, SC most of the 10,000 were ______into slavery in the West Indies or in the South after the war
•4,000 African Americans in the North left with the loyalists from New York City and went to ______, Canada to set up the largest free black community in the Americas
•1,200 of these Africans will migrate back to Africa to found ______, Sierra Leone
•______slaves escaped to freedom during the war
•Slave revolts never materialized
Yorktown, 1781 “The world turned upside down”
Major lost by Cornwallis forced the British to negotiate a peace
Treaty of Paris, 1783
•Ben ______, John Adams, and John Jay helped negotiate
•British agreed to ______in the West and Americans agreed to not ______from loyalists
•America bounded by Canada and ______River
•Spanish got back ______, controlled whole west of the Mississippi River
The Critical Period, 1783-1789
The Critical Period, 1783-1789, Historian ______
•Treaty of Paris to Washington taking office
•Events: Shay’s Rebellion, depression, Northwest ordinance, Constitutional convention
Articles of Confederation Government: 1776, 1781-1789
Weaknesses in the structure of the Articles of Confederation
•A ______Congress [_____ of 13 votes to pass a law].
•13 out of 13 to ______.
•Representatives were frequently absent.
•Could not ______.
•No ______or judicial branches.
•Could not regulate ______between states
State Constitutions
•______
•Most had strong governors with veto power.
•Most had bicameral legislatures.
•______required for voting.
•Some had universal white male suffrage.
•Most had ______.
•Many had a continuation of state-______religions while others disestablished religion.
Foreign Affairs
•British did not evacuate ______in the west, like promised in the ______of 1783, supplied Indians and encouraged them to raid ______
•Spain tried to monopolize access to the ______
–Proposed (never ratified) ______Treaty (1786), secured trading rights with Spain for northeastern merchants while recognizing Spain’s supremacy on the Mississippi.
–2 nations prevent US from exercising control over ______
Northwest Ordinance of 1785
Major accomplishments:
•Convinced states to give up their ______and made process for new states to enter the nation when had 60,000 people in the territory
•Abolished ______in the territory
•Sold land in small, ______parcels
•Funded public ______
•Land sells helped pay for the national ______
Economy in the 1780’s, Major Depression
1. Huge national and state debts were left from the ______.
•Excessive use of ______to purchase consumer goods
after the war (especially debts to British merchants.
3. Lack of ______
4.______demanded laws to help their plight – and at times
acted violently (e.g. Shays’ Rebellion)
5. Runaway ______was ruinous to many citizens
6. British companies ______America with goods at very
low prices.
7. States ______each others imports!
Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7
•Daniel Shays, Western MA
•Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes, close down ______
•Debtors demanded cheap paper currency, lower taxes, & suspension of ______
•marched to Springfield where state's Supreme Court was in session and where the ______.
•Wealthy New Englanders provided ______for a large militia in the region.
•Propertied class feared that the Revolution had created a "______
•There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. –George ______
•East- ______
Annapolis Convention (1786)
•GOAL address barriers that ______
______
•Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in ______to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.
Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, 1776
Previous attempts at unity
Years / Attempts at Union / Participants
1643-1684 / New England Confederation (united to protect from ______) / 4 colonies
1686-1689 / Dominion of New England (forced on the colonies to impose the ______Acts) / 7 colonies
1754 / 7 colonies
1765 / Stamp Act Congress / 9 colonies
1772-1776 / Committees of Correspondence / 13 colonies
1774 / First Continental Congress (adopted The Association) / 12 colonies
1775-1781 / Second Continental Congress / 13 colonies
1781-1789 / Articles of Confederation / 13 states
1789-1790 / Federal Constitution / 13 states
James Madison: Father of the Constitution- writes the “rough draft,’ the
Virginia vs. New Jersey Plans
Compromises:
Main concepts of the Constitution
•______ is the division of power between the national government and the state governments.
•Much like administration and individual classroom teachers here at school.
Separation of ______
Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds
Where would you most likely find an anti-Federalist? ______
Federalist Papers (85 in all)- Argue that the state of ______and Hamilton
Promise of a ______persuades many Anti-Federalists to support the Constitution
How was the ratification process illegal or at the very least, against the rules of the Articles of Confederation? ______
Conservative safeguards
1. Purpose was to check the excesses of the "______"
-- Convention delegates were ______in believing that
manhood-suffrage democracy was ______
2. Safeguards:
a. Federal judges were ______
b. President was elected indirectly by the ______
c. Senators chosen indirectly by ______
3. Only House of Representatives permitted to choose officials by
direct vote of qualified (______) citizens.
Beard Thesis
•Historian Charles Beard wrote in 1913 that the Constitution was written not to ensure a ______
•______who had purchased Revolutionary War government bonds
"They were well-______, well-______, well-______, and well-______."
How revolutionary was the Revolution?
•Revolution (n.): A total, radical change, a fundamental change in political organization
The Effects of the Revolution
Slavery
•Rise of ______in all the northern states (plus Virginia)
–______the first to found such societies.
•Slavery eradicated in most ______
•Slavery not allowed above Ohio River in the ______
•Slave trade to be abolished in ______
•Thousands of ______slaves freed after the Revolution
Women
•Republican Motherhood- ______
•Courts allow more ______
•______gains
Attack on aristocracy
•Ended ______
•Ended ______; guaranteed large landholdings to a family and meant less land available for purchase to the public.
•Attacked ______
•______leave
Separation of Church & State
•Anglican Church replaced by a disestablished ______
•Thomas Jefferson introduces leg. to produce sep. of Church & State in Virg., ______
•______disestablish
–(Ct in 1818, Mass. in 1833)
Jefferson’s Quote on Religion
•“Reason and free inquiry are the only effectual agents against error. Give a loose to them, they will support the true religion by bringing every false one to their tribunal, to the test of their investigation. They are the natural enemies of error only… It is ______stand by itself. / Use space below for notes. I will come around and check to see if you added notes for points.
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The Federalist Era 1788-1800