Around the World in Not Quite Eighty Days

Around the World in Not Quite Eighty Days

WHAP/Napp

Cues: / Notes:
I.  Before the Late Fifteenth Century
A.  Exploration before late fifteenth century was largely limited to land travel
B.  Ships were used on the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade routes for centuries, but they were linked up to ______routes
C.  Eager to eliminate Muslim middlemen and discover more efficient trade routes to Asia, the Portuguese and the Spanish, set out to _____
D.  Advances in ______, ship-building, and the development of gunpowder weapons allowed for increased sea travel
E.  These “floating empires of the wind” soon controlled major shipping routes
F.  The increase in European trade encouraged by the Hanseatic League and the ______spawned a search for new, efficient trade routes on the seas
II.  Portugal
A.  Led the way because: strategically situated near the coast of ______, had long-standing trade relations with Muslim nations, and led by a royal family that supported exploration (Prince Henry the Navigator)
B.  In 1488, Portugal financed a voyage by Bartholomew Dias who rounded the tip of Africa (which became known as the Cape of Good ______)
C.  In 1497, Vasco da Gama rounded Cape of Good Hope, explored east African kingdoms, and went all the way to _____, established trade relations
III.  Spain
A.  Shortly thereafter, Spain, recently unified under Isabella and ______, financed Columbus in1492 à a voyage to the east by going west
B.  Despite the fact that some scholars had accurately estimated the Earth’s size, most people, including Columbus, thought it was ______
C.  Columbus thought that India and China located where Americas were
IV.  Treaty of Tordesillas
A.  By 1494, Portugal and ______were already fighting over land
B.  Treaty of Tordesillas established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal (north-south) line that runs through the western Atlantic Ocean
C.  Everything to the east = Portugal - To the ______= Spain
V.  More Competition
A.  Soon, England, the Netherlands, and France launched their own expeditions
B.  Cost and risk associated with these expeditions made it necessary for explorers to rely on the backing of strong and ______states
C.  Merchants wanted ______for trade routes, through allegiance to king
D.  Colonialism and expansion of trade routes contributed to rise of nationalism
VI.  Other Explorers
A.  Amerigo Vespucci àexplored South ______àrealized continent not part of Asia; Americas named for him
Summaries:
Cues: / B.  Ferdinand Magellan àIn 1519, his crew continued after he was killed in Philippines and crew became first to ______the globe
C.  Henry Hudson à In 1609, sailed for the Dutch looking for a northwest passage to Asia; explored the Hudson River and made claims for the Dutch
VII.  Technologies for Exploration
A.  Sternpost rudder (invented in China during the _____ Dynasty)
B.  Lateen Sails (allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of ______)
C.  Astrolabe (portable navigation device àby measuring the distance of the sun and stars above the horizon àhelped determine latitude)
D.  Magnetic Compass (borrowed from ______, through trade with Arabs… to determine direction without staying in the sight of land)
E.  By the late fifteenth century, these inventions had converged on one continent (Europe) largely through ______
F.  Europe: fiercely competitive about trade routes, newly wealthy, increasingly organized under strong leaders, and imagination of ______
VIII.  Conflict in Europe
A.  Dutch: successful in the competition with Iberian peninsula…had an efficient merchant ship (the flyboat)…challenge ______control in the East Indies to establish Dutch interests in the New World
B.  But Netherlands became entangled in a series of wars with France and England, and lacked the manpower and resources to compete
C.  England and France became supreme in ______rivalry of the eighteenth centuryàhigh industrial production and in part because of the fact that their governments were organized on a national scale
D.  England and France began to fight for the mastery of the New World and to maintain a balance of ______on the European continent
E.  1679 – 1689 (King William’s War) and 1701- 1713 (The War of the Spanish Succession or Queen Anne’s War)
F.  Peace of Utrecht in 1713 partitioned the Spanish empire: Belgium, Naples, Sicily, and Milan went to the Austrian Hapsburgs…Gibraltar to England
G.  War of the Austrian Succession (King George’s War) in 1740-1748 and Seven Years’ War in 1756-1763
H.  Seven Years’ War began in America (Americans call it French and Indian Wars) but soon spread to Europe à British won North America and India
I.  Deciding factor in the colonies was the superior ______of the British navy
J.  Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763
IX.  Summary
A.  Fifteenth century was a dynamic century, which saw many radical changes
B.  Changes affected all classes of society, but none so profoundly as the bourgeoisie ( ______classes…capitalist classes)
C.  A new class of merchants, ship-builders, tradesmen and others appeared - living in and around Europe's old ______towns in 15th century
D.  China had extended its influence westward around ______before the 15th century but all subsequent discoveries were made by western explorers
E.  Explorations of this time led to a worldwide ______of European power
Summaries:

Questions:

·  Describe travel and trade before the fifteenth century.

·  What factors encouraged European exploration?

·  Describe factors for Portugal’s lead in the Age of Exploration.

·  What were the causes and effects of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

·  Describe the technologies that promoted exploration.

·  How did the Age of Exploration increase conflict in fragmented Europe?

·  Discuss the causes and effects of the Seven Years War.

1.  Which of the following established a line of demarcation separating Spanish and Portuguese claims in the New World?
(A) Treaty of Versailles
(B) Edict of Nantes
(C) Treaty of Westphalia
(D) Treaty of Tordesillas
(E) Luther’s 95 Theses
2.  Which European power won the colony of Indonesia away from the Portuguese in the seventeenth century?
(A) England
(B) Spain
(C) France
(D) Holland
(E) Italy
3.  Which colony was claimed by Spain as a result of Ferdinand Magellan’s circumnavigation of the globe in 1519-1521?
(A) Madagascar
(B) Hispaniola
(C) Mexico
(D) The Philippines
(E) Canary Islands / 4.  Which event outside the West contributed to creating an opening for the West to move to the core of a global maritime trade network?
(A) Ming reversal of treasure ship voyages in 1433
(B) Fall of the Byzantine Empire after the Ottoman sacking of Constantinople in 1453
(C) Mongol destruction of Abbasid power in 1253
(D) Collapse of Mongol power in the mid-fifteenth century
(E) All of the above
5.  Which of the following can be characterized as outside the world network of trade in 1450?
(A) Ireland
(B) Scandinavia
(C) East Africa
(D) Mesoamerica
(E) The Philippines
6.  Which is an example of a new disease Europeans were exposed to as a result of interaction with the peoples of the New World?
(A) Measles
(B) Mumps
(C) Smallpox
(D) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
(E) Syphilis

Excerpt from metmuseum.org

Much of the European exploration of the Pacific was inspired by two obsessions, the search for the fastest routes to the spice-rich islands of the Moluccas (modern-day Maluku in Indonesia) as well as the theory that somewhere in the South Pacific lay a vast undiscovered southern continent, possibly also rich in gold, spices, and other trade goods.
European exploration of the Pacific began with the Spanish and the Portuguese. By the late 1500s, the Spanish had colonized the Philippines and had discovered several of the Caroline Islands in Micronesia, as well as the Solomon Islands in Melanesia and the Marquesas Islands in Polynesia. Spanish ships, known as the Manila Galleons, regularly crossed from the Americas to the Philippines but seldom encountered any islands unless blown off course. The Portuguese, sailing around the Cape of Good Hope to reach the Moluccas, explored the eastern islands of modern-day Indonesia in the early 1500s and also briefly encountered the island of New Guinea to the east. In 1600, however, the vast majority of the Pacific still lay unexplored.

All this began to change in the seventeenth and especially the eighteenth centuries, as explorers, merchants, and privateers from Holland, France, and England began to explore and chart the unknown expanse of the Pacific. In the early 1600s, the Dutch seized control of the Moluccas from the Portuguese. As early as 1605, a Dutch expedition was sent to explore the north coast of Australia and several others followed. Blown off course on their way to the Spice Islands, Dutch merchant vessels also encountered and began to chart the west coast of Australia. The Dutch exploration of the Pacific culminated in the 1642–43 voyage of Abel Tasman, who sailed south of the Australian continent and encountered Tasmania and New Zealand. He later visited islands in Tonga, Fiji, and the Bismarck Archipelago. At the close of the century, British navigator William Dampier in 1699–1700 explored portions of Australia, Island Southeast Asia, and the Bismarck Archipelago.
Although other nations also participated, it was the British and the French who dominated Pacific exploration in the eighteenth century. Beginning in the mid-1700s, the rival nations began to send out scientific expeditions to explore and chart the islands of the Pacific. French expeditions in this period include those of Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1766–69), Jean-François de la Pérouse (1785–88), Étienne Marchand (1790–92), and Antoine-Raymond-Joseph de Bruni d’Entrecasteaux (1791–93). British explorers include Samuel Wallis (1767–68) and Philip Carteret (1767–68). But by far the most wide-ranging and accomplished of the eighteenth-century explorers was the Englishman James Cook, who made three separate voyages to the Pacific in 1768–71, 1772–75, and 1776–80. During his voyages, Cook not only encountered many Pacific cultures for the first time, but also assembled the first large-scale collections of Pacific objects to be brought back to Europe. Due to the efforts of these and many other explorers, by 1800 the myth of a vast southern continent had been dispelled and virtually the entire Pacific basin had been charted and its diverse cultures brought to the attention of the West.

Thesis Statement: Comparative: Chinese and European Views of Exploration

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