Khorram-Manesh et al (DITAC)April 4th, 2016

Appendix: The number of literature reviewed for each topic

Topic 1, Target group (41 documents)

  1. Bagaria J, Heggie C, Abrahams J, Murray V. Evacuations and sheltering of hospitals in emergencies: A review of international experience. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2009; 24:461-67.
  2. Sternberg E, Lee GC, Huard D. Counting crisis: US hospital evacuations, 1971-1999. Prehosp Disast Med. 2004; 19(2):150-57.
  3. Näsman U, Zetterberg-Randén B, Brändström H. KAMEDO report no 88: Floods in Czech Republic and Southeast Germany, 2002. Prehosp Disast Med. 2007; 22(1):90-2.
  4. Cocanour CS, Allen SJ, Mazabob J, Sparks JW, Fischer CP, Romans J, et al. Lessons learned from the evacuation of an urban teaching hospital. Arch Surg. 2002; 137(10):1141-45.
  5. Brodie M, Wltzien E, Attman D, Blendon RJ, Benson JM. Experiences of Hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston shelters: implications for future planning. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1402-08.
  6. Sexton KH, Alperin LM, Stobo JD. Lessons from Hurricane Rita: the University of Texas Medical Branch Hospital’s evacuation. Acad Med, 2001; 82(8):792-96.
  7. Agantyr LG, Häggström E, Kulling P. KAMEDO report no 93: The power failure at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 07 April 2007. Prehosp Disast Med. 2009; 24(5):468-70.
  8. Murphy GRF and Foot C. ICU fire evacuation preparedness in London: a cross-sectional study. BJA. 2011;106:695-98.
  9. Vernie C. A hospital system’s response to a hurricane offers lessons, including the need for interfacility drills. Health Aff, 2012; 31(8):1814-21.
  10. Powel T, Hanfling D, Gostin LO. Emergency preparedness and public health: The lessons of Hurricane Sandy. JAMA. 2012; 308(24):2569-70.
  11. O’Neill PA. The ABS’s of disaster response. Scand J Surg. 2005; 94; 259-66.
  12. Gallon Z. Wildfires, weather & climate. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. 2008. Accessed Feb 2010. Available at:
  13. Thomas J, Lackey N. How to evacuate a psychiatric hospital: a Hurricane Katrina success story. J Psychosoc Nurs MentHealthServ. 2008; 46(1):35-40.
  14. Bernard M, Mathews P. Evacuation of a maternal-newborn area during Hurricane Katrina. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2008; 33(4):213-23.
  15. Augustine J, Schoettmer J. Evacuation of a rural community hospital: lessons learned from an unplanned event. Disaster Manag Response. 2005;3(3):68-72.
  16. Burgess J. Hospital evacuations due to hazardous materials incidents. Am J Emerg Med. 1999; 17(1):50-2.
  17. Singal A. A Stakeholder Based Approach to Manage the Training Process. Indiam management studies journal. 2009; 13: 103-122
  18. Nickols FW. (2005), "Why a Stakeholder Approach to Evaluating Training," Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(1): 121.
  19. Neely AD, Adams C, and Kennerley M. (2002), The Performance Prism, London: Prentice-Hall Financial Times.
  20. Heugens PP, and Oosterhout HJ. (2002), "The Confines of Stakeholder Management: Evidence from the Dutch Manufacturing Sector," Journal of Business Ethics, 40 (4), pp. 387-403.
  21. Berke, PR., Kartez J and Wenger D. (1993), “Recovery after Disaster: Achieving Sustainable Development, Mitigation, and Equity.” Disasters. Vol. 17, No 2.
  22. Ketti DF. The transformation of governance; globalization, devolution and the role of government. Public Administration Review 2000; 60; 6: 488-497
  23. Lindell MK and Prater CL., (2003), “Assessing Community Impacts of Natural Disasters,” Natural Hazards Review, November 2003, pp. 176-185.
  24. Lindell MK. and Perry RW. (1990), “Introduction to Emergency Management,” John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  25. Depoorter B. Horizontal political externalities: the supply and demand of disaster management. Duke Law Journal 2006; 56 (1); 101-125
  26. Berke, P.R., et al. (1996). “Enhancing Plan Quality: Evaluating the Role of State Planning Mandates for Natural Hazard Mitigation.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 39(1): 79-96.
  27. Lindell MK. and Perry RW. (2004), “Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities,” Sage Publications, Inc.

Topic 2, Curriculum, theory (30 documents)

  1. Kelly, A. V. The Curriculum: Theory and Practice. London, Thousand Oaks, CA, New Delhi: Paul Chapman Publishing, 1999 (4th edition).
  2. European Commission. Implementing the Community Lisbon Programme: Proposal for a Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Establishment of the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning. COM (2006) 479 final. Brussels, 2006
  3. Sequin, UNESCO Sequin, Roger. Curriulum Development and Implementation of Teaching Programmes. Methodological Guide. UNESCO Division of higher education and research, 1991. Web. accessed Oct. 2013
  4. European Commission. Implementing the Community Lisbon Programme: Proposal for a Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Establishment of the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning. COM, 479 final. Brussels, 2006.
  5. Schweikert T. Erwachsenenbildung weiterdenken: Theorien der Erwachsenenbildung und ihre Kritik. Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe XI Pädagogik. Bd. 954. Peter Lang Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften, Frankfurt am Main, 2007.
  6. Collins JW. Jr, Soo Hoo TY, Krantz M, et al. "Creating An Executive Doctorate In Civil Security In The United States”. J Homeland Sec Emerg Manage, 2012; 9 (2)
  7. Waugh WL Jr, and Sadiq AA. "Professional Education for Emergency Managers,” J Homeland Sec Emerg Manag, 2011; 8 (2)
  8. Alexander D, Bramati L, Simonetta M. Emergency Preparedness Training and Education in Lombardy Region, Italy: Survey of Supply and Demand“ Nat Hazards Rev, 2009; 10; 77-83
  9. Jordá, A. "Emergency and Civil Protection: Curriculum Design for 30 Hours of Instructional Time," J Homeland Sec Emerg Manag, 2011; 8 (2)
  10. Plant JF, Arminio T, and Thompson P. "A Matrix Approach to Homeland Security Professional Education," J Homeland Sec Emerg Manag, 2011; 8 (2)
  11. Schultz CH, et al. Development of National Standardized All-Hazard Disaster Core Competences for Acute Care Phaysicians, Nurses, and EMS Professionals. Ann Disaster Med, 2012; 29 (3); 196 – 208
  12. Brattberg E, Rhinard M. “The EU and US as International Actors in Disaster Relief”. College of Europe: Bruges Political Research Papers. No 22, January 2012. p 22. Web. Accessed June 2013.
  13. Alexander D. “Towards the development of standards in emergency management training and education.” Disaster Prev Manag, 2003; 12 (2): 113–123
  14. von Glasersfeld E. Wissen, Sprache und Wirklichkeit: Arbeiten zum radikalen Konstruktivismus Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1987.
  15. Lunenberga M, Korhagenba FAJ. “”Eur J Teach Edu, 2005; 28 (1); 1–22
  16. Stanford University “PBL Website: Schools that practice PBL”. Web. Accessed Oct. 2013; .
  17. University of Canterbury New Zealand. “Hazard and Disaster Management: Postgraduate Programmes” published online, 2009. Web. Accessed Oct 2009:
  18. Stenden University South Africa, “Bachelor of Business Administration Disaster Management Degree”. Web.
  19. Shimi L, Suresh ESM. The need for integration of disaster management into engineering curriculum. IJMER, 2012; 2 (6); 4524-26
  20. Marshal CS, Yamada S, Inada MK. Using problem-based learning for pandemic preparedness. Kaohsiung J Med S, 2008; 24(3): 39-45
  21. Jayawardana AKL, O’Donnell M. “The Asian Tsunami and Problem-Based Learning for Postgraduate Students in Sri Lanka”. J Manag Edu, 2007: 31 (5); 679-95
  22. Universität Köln “Problem Based Learning”. Website. Accessed online Oct. 2013:
  23. Stanford University “What does PBL look like in the classroom?” Accessed online 17 Nov. 2013:
  24. Savery JR. Overview of Problem-based Learning: Definitions and Distinctions. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning, 1, (1) available at
  25. Blanchard W. “Top Ten Competencies for professional emergency management”. FEMA. Web. Accessed Oct. 2013;
  26. Rutter L. “Core Humanitarian Competencies Guide” Consortium of British Humanitarian Agencies Humanitarian Capacity Building Programme. Accessed Oct 2013;
  27. Castejon JM, Chakroun B, Coles M, et al, eds. Developing Qualifications Frameworks in EU Partner Countries: Modernising Education and Training. London; New York: Anthem European Union Series, 2011, p 16
  28. Straka, Gerald A. “Measurement and evaluation of competence” The foundations of evaluation and impact research: Third report on vocational training research in Europe: Background report Cedefop Reference series, 58. 2004. pp 262 – 311
  29. Deakin University Australia. “Topic 3: The role of the tutor in PBL”. Accessed online Oct. 2013;
  30. Rozdilsky JL, Bezold MP, Johnson J, et al. Reflections on the Development of an Undergraduate Emergency Management Program: The Experiences of Western Illinois University. J Homeland Sec Emerg Manag, 2011; 8 (2)

Topic 3, Teaching methods (66 documents)

  1. Gossman P, Stewart T, Jaspers M, et al. Integrating web-delivered problem-based learning scenarios to the curriculum. ALH 2007; 8 (2): 139-153
  2. Persson AC, Fyrenius A, Bergdahl B. Perspectives on using multimedia scenarios in a PBL medical curriculum. Medical Teacher 2010; 32: 766-772
  3. Ruiz JG, Mintzer MJ, Leipzig RM. The impact of E-learning in medical education. Acad Med 2006; 81: 207-212
  4. Ronchetti M. Using video lectures to make teaching more interactive. ICL 2009, available at:
  5. Mikulecky L. Diversity, discussion, and participation: comparing web-based and campus-based adolescent literature classes. JAAL 1998; 42 (2): 84-97
  6. Graham CR. In Bonk CJ and Graham CR (Eds). Handbook of blended learning. Global Perspectives, local designs. SanFrancisco, CA: Pfifer Publishing. 2004
  7. Smee S. Skill based assessment. BMJ 2003; 326 (7391): 703-706
  8. Chi CH, Chao WH, Chang CC, et al. Emergency Medical Technicians' Disaster Training by Tabletop Exercise. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19: 433-436
  9. Rehn M, Andersen JE, Vigerust T, et al. A concept for major incident triage: full-scaled simulation feasibility study. BMC Emerg Med 2010; 10: 17
  10. Haytko DL. Traditional versus hybrid course delivery systems: A case study of undergraduate markEITng planning courses. Market Educ Rev 2001; 11(3): 27-39
  11. Idrose AM, Adnan WAW, Villa GF, Abdullah AHA. The use of classroom training and simulation in the training of medical responders for airport disaster. Emerg Med J 2007; 24: 7-11
  12. Ingrassia PL, Prato F, Geddo A, et al. Evaluation of Medical Management during a Mass Casualty Incident Exercise: an objective assessment tool to enhance direct observation. J Emerg Med 2010; 39 (5). 629-636
  13. Ofstad W, Brunner LJ. Team-Based Learning in Pharmacy Education. Am J Pharm Edu 2013; 77 (4): Art 70
  14. Campanale RP. Surprise realistic mock disasters. The most effective means of disaster training. Calif Med 1964; 101: 435-8.
  15. Behar S, Upperman JS, Ramirez M, et al. Training medical staff for pediatric disaster victims: a comparison of different teaching methods. Am J Disaster Med 2008; 3 (4): 189-99.
  16. DITAC. Results of WP1. Available at:
  17. Ricer RE,Filak ATShort J. Does a High Tech(Computerized, Animated, Powerpoint) Presentation Increase Retention of Material Compared to a Low Tech (Black on Clear Overheads) Presentation? Teaching and Learning in Medicine: An international Journal 2005; 17 (2): 107-111
  18. Cohen D, Sedvalis N, Patel V, et al. Tactical and operational response to major incidents Feasibility and reliability of skills assessment using novel virtual environments. Resuscitation 2013; 84 (7): 992-998
  19. Nilsson H, Jonson CO, Vikström T, et al. Simulation-assisted burn disaster planning. Burns 2013 available at:
  20. Brecht HD, Ogilby SM. Enabling a comprehensive teaching strategy: Video lectures. JITE (Innovations in Practice) 2008; 7: 71-86
  21. Benbunan-Fich R and Hiltz SR. Educational applications of CMCS: Solving case studies through asynchronous learning networks. JCMC 1999; 4 (3)
  22. Leaming JM, Adoff S, Terndrup TE. Computer Simulation as a Tool to Enable Decision-Making in a Pandemic Influenza Response Scenario. West JEM 2013
  23. Mouza C, Bell B. J computers in mathematics and Science teaching 2001; 20 (3): 265-292
  24. Letterie GS. Medical education as a science: the quality of evidence for computer-assisted instruction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188 (3): 849-53.
  25. Langran M, Carlin B. A road traffic accident simulation vehicle for training prehospital practitioners. Emerg Med J 2001: 23: 318-320
  26. Lennquist S. Education and Training in Disaster Medicine. Scand J Surg 2005; 94: 300-310
  27. Knight JF, Carley S, Tregunna B, et al. Serious gaming technology in major incident triage training. A pragmatic controlled trial. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 1175-1179
  28. Cohen D, Sevdalis N, Taylor D, et al. Emergency preparedness in the 21st century Training and preparation modules in virtual environments. Resuscitation 2013; 84: 78-84
  29. King DR, Patel MB, Feinstein AJ, et al. Simulation Training for a Mass Casualty Incident Two-Year Experience at the Army Trauma Training Center. J Trauma 2006; 61: 943-948
  30. Song Y, Gong J, Li Y, et al. Crowded Evacuation simulation for bioterrorism in micro-spatial environments based on virtual geographic environments. Safety Science 2013; 53: 105-113
  31. Heinrichs L, Youngblood P, Harter P, et al. Training Healthcare Personnel for Mass- Casualty Incidents in a Virtual Emergency Department VED II. Prehosp Disaster Med 2010; 25 (5): 424-432
  32. Saiboon IM, Jaafar MJ, Harunarashid H, Jamal SMd. The Effectiveness of Simulation Based Medical Education In Teaching Concepts of Major Incident Response. Procedia Soc behav Sci 2011; 18: 372-378
  33. Montán KL, Khorram-Manesh A, Örtenwall P, Lennquist S. Comparative study of physiological and anatomical triage in major incidents using a new simulation model. Am J Disaster Med 2011:6.289-298
  34. Lerner EB, Schwartz RB, Coule PL, Pirrallo RG. Use of SALT Triage in a Simulated Mass-Casualty Incident. Prehosp Emerg care 2010; 14: 21-25
  35. Boosman F. "Simulation-Based Training: The Evidence Is In" Pseudorandom. 2007. Available at:
  36. Rådestad M, Nilsson H, Carstén M, et al. Combining performance and outcome indicators can be used in a standardized way: a pilot study of two multidisciplinary, full-scale major aircraft exercises. J trauma resusc Emerg Med 2012; 20: 58; 3: 14
  37. Rehn M, Vigerust T, Andersen JE, et al. Major Incident Patient Evacuation Full-Scale Field Exercise Feasibility study. Air Med j 2011; 30: 3
  38. Oliver M, Trigwell K. Can Blended learning be redeemed? E-Learning 2005; 2 (1): 17-26
  39. Singh H. Building effective blended learning program. EDTEC 2003; 43 (6): 51-54
  40. Bliuc M, Goodyear P, Ellis RA. Research focus and methodological choices in studies I to students ‘experiences of blended learning in higher education. IHEDUC 2007; 10: 231-244
  41. Garrison DR, Kanuka H. Blended learning: Uncovering its transformative potential in higher education. IHEDUC 2004; 7: 95-105
  42. Aspden L, Helm P. Making the connection in a blended learning. EMI 2004; 41: 3
  43. Lynch R, Dembo M. The relationship between self-regulation and online learning in a blended learning context. IRRODL 2004; 5 (2)
  44. Ginns P, Ellis R. Quality in blended learning: Exploring the relationships between on-line and face to face teaching and learning. IHEDUC 2007; 10: 53-64
  45. Rovai AP, Jordan HM. Blended learning and sense of community: A comparative analysis with traditional and fully online graduate courses. IRRODL 2004; 5 (2)
  46. Boyle T, Bradley C, Chalk P, et al. Using Blended learning to improve student success rates in learning to program. J Educ Media 2003; 28 (2-3)
  47. Collis B. Course redesign for blended learning: modern optics for technical professionals. IJCEELL. 2003; 13 (1/2): 22-38
  48. Levine SL, Wake WK. Hybrid teaching: Design studios in virtual space."Education of Artists(2000).
  49. Ward J, LaBranche GA. Blended learning: The convergence of e-learning and meetings. Franchizing World 2003; 35 (4): 22-23
  50. Osguthorpe RT, Graham CR. Blended learning systems: Definitions and directions. Quarterly Review of Distance Education 2003; 4 (3): 227-234
  51. Rooney JE. Blended learning opportunities to enhance educational programming and meetings. Association Management 2003; 55 (5): 26-32
  52. Martens A, Uhrmacher AM. Teaching modelling and simulation- A web and case-based Scenario. Available at:
  53. Branzetti JB, Aldeen AZ, Foster AW, Courtney DM. A novel online didactic curriculum helps improve knowledge acquisition among NonEmergency medicine rotating residents. Acad Emerg Med 2011; 18: 53-9
  54. Ahearn C, Nalley D. How to assess student performance in science: going beyond multiple choice tests. SERVE, School of Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Online 2013. Available at:
  55. Assessing science learning. In New Jersey Science Curriculum Framework. Online 2013. Available at:
  56. Kirkwood S. NIMS and ICS: from compliance to competence. EMS Mag 2008; 37 (2): 51-2, 54-7.
  57. Reisman DB, Howard J. Responder safety and health: preparing for future disasters. Mt Sinai J Med 2008; 75 (2): 135-41.
  58. Wojcik SM, Kidd PS, Parshall MB, Struttmann TW. Performance and evaluation of small construction safety training simulations. Occup Med (Lond) 2003; 53 (4): 279-86.
  59. Machles D. Evaluating the effectiveness of safety training. Occup Health Saf 2003; 72 (6): 54-6, 58-63
  60. Wallen ES, Mulloy KB. Computer based safety training: an investigation of methods. Occup Environ Med 2005; 62 (4): 257-62.
  61. Sinclair RC, Smith R, Colligan M, et al. Evaluation of a safety training program in three food service companies. J Safety Res 2003; 34 (5): 547-58.
  62. Gebhart ME, Pence R. START triage: does it work? Disaster Manag Response 2007; 5 (3): 68-73.
  63. Kahn CA, Schultz CH, Miller KT, Anderson CL. Does START triage work? An outcomes assessment after a disaster. Ann Emerg Med 2009; 54 (3): 424-30, 430.
  64. Vincent DS, Berg BW, Ikegami K. Mass-casualty triage training for international health care workers in the Asia-Pacific region using mannikin-based simulations. Prehosp Disaster Med 2009; 24 (3): 206-13.
  65. Hsu EB, Jenckes MW, Catlett CL, et al. Training to hospital staff to respond to a mass casualty incident. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2004 (95): 1-3.
  66. Ebell MH, Siwek J, Weiss BD, et al. Strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT): a patient-centred approach to grading evidence in the medical literature. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004; 17 (1): 59-67.

Topic 4, Evaluation methods (23 documents)

  1. Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  2. Ahearn C, Nalley D. How to assess student performance in science: going beyond multiple choice tests. SERVE, School of Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  3. Assessing science learning. In New Jersey Science Curriculum Framework. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  4. Chi CH, Chao WH, Chang CC, et al. Emergency Medical Technicians' Disaster Training by Table top Exercise. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19: 433-436
  5. Lalonde C. Crisis management and organizational development: Towards the conception of a learning model in crisis management. Organizational Development Journal 2007; 25 (1): 17-26
  6. Kirkpatrick DL. (1975 a). Techniques for evaluating training programs. Part 1: reaction. In Evaluating Training Programs, compiled by DL Kirkpatrick, 1-5.Madison, WI: ASTD
  7. Kirkpatrick DL. (1975 b). Techniques for evaluating training programs. Part 2: learning. In Evaluating Training Programs, compiled by DL Kirkpatrick, 16-9.Madison, WI: ASTD
  8. Kirkpatrick DL. (1975 c). Techniques for evaluating training programs. Part 3: behavior. In Evaluating Training Programs, compiled by DL Kirkpatrick, 10-13.Madison, WI: ASTD
  9. Kirkpatrick DL. (1975 d). Techniques for evaluating training programs. Part 4: results. In Evaluating Training Programs, compiled by DL Kirkpatrick, 14-17.Madison, WI: ASTD
  10. Nadler L, Nadler Z (1994). Evaluation and feedback. (ed.) In Training: The Critical Events Model. 2nd Edition. Taylor & Francis
  11. Eseryel D. 2002. “Approaches to Evaluation of Training: Theory & Practice”, Educational Technology & Society Journal, 2002; 5 (2): 93-98
  12. CIPP model. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  13. Responsive evaluations model. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  14. Countenance model. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  15. Kaufman’s five level of evaluation. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  16. CIRO. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  17. PERT. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  18. Goal-free evaluation approach. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  19. Provus ’discrepancy model. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  20. Illuminative evaluation model. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  21. Esteves J, Pastor J, Casanovas J. A framework proposal for monitoring and evaluating training in ERP implementation projects. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:
  22. Rae L. How to Measure Training Effectiveness? 1991, Gower Publishing Ltd, ISBN 10:0566072750/ISBN 13:9780566072758
  23. Nickols F. Evaluating Training: there is no cookbook approach. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from:

Topic 5, Design and standard (27 documents)

  1. Perry RW. Incident management systems in disaster Management. Disaster Prevention and Management, 2003; 12 (5); 405-412
  2. Laevy G, Horan E. Clinical review: Communication and logistics in the response to the 1998 terrorist bombing in Omagh, Northern Ireland. Critical Care 2005; 9:401-408
  3. O’Neill PA. The ABC’s of disaster response. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery. 2005; 94: 259–266
  4. Alexander DE. Towards the development of a standard in emergency planning. Disaster Prevention and Management 2005; 14 (2): 158-175
  5. Ruggiero KJ, Amstadter AB, Acierno R, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS. Social and Psychological Resources Associated with Health Status in a Representative Sample of Adults Affected by the 2004 Florida Hurricanes. Psychiatry. 2009; 72 (2): 195–210
  6. Dobel JP. Mission Integrity in Disaster Management. Public Administration Review. 2010 Special Issue. 182-183
  7. Wong D. Managing mass casualty events are just the application of normal activity on a grander scale for the emergency health services. Or is it? Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care (JEPHC). 2011; 9 (1)
  8. Abramson DM, Redlener I. Hurricane Sandy: lessons learned, again. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2012; 6 (4): 328-329
  9. Djalai AR, Castren M, Hosseinijenab V, Khatib M, Ohlen G, Kurland L. Hospital Incident Command System (HICS) performance in Iran; Decision making during disasters. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2012; 20: 14
  10. Miles, R. (2012) ‘Empowering Emergency Responders’, ch 1 in Bennett, S. (ed) Innovative thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management. Farnham: Gower.
  11. Palttala P, Boano C, Lund R, Vos M. Communication Gaps in Disaster Management: Perceptions by Experts from Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. 2012; 20: 2–12
  12. Khorram-Manesh A, Angthong C, Pangma A, Sulannakarn S, Burivong R, Jarayabhand R, Örtenwall P.Hospital Evacuation; Learning from the Past? Flooding of Bangkok 2011. British Journal of Medicine and Medical research 2014; 4 (1). Retrieved online November 2013:
  13. Hogan DE, Burstein JL. Basic perspective on disasters. In Disaster Medicine. (Ed.) 2nd, Lippincott 2007
  14. Kane L. Educators, learners and active learning methodologies. International Journal of life long education 2004; 23 (3): 275-286
  15. Whitcomb ME. Competency-based Graduate Medical Education? Of Course!! But How Should Competency Be Assessed? Academic Medicine 2002; 77 (5): 359-60.
  16. European Qualification Framework: Education and Training. Retrieved online November 2013;
  17. Subbarao I, Lyznicki JM, Hsu EB, et al. A Consensus-based educational Framework and Competency Set for the Discipline of Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness 2008; 2: 57-68
  18. Coule PL and Schwartz RB. The national Disaster Life Support Programs: A model for competency-based standardized and locally relevant training. JPHMP 2009; Suppl: 25-30
  19. Walsh L, Subbarao I, Gebbie K, et al. Core Competencies for Disaster Medicine and Public Health. Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness 2012; 6: 44-52
  20. Galindo F et al. – NATO Handbook: Pandemics and Mass Casualty Response, 202-216, IOS Press Amsterdam 2012
  21. DITAC home. Results and feedback WP1. Retrieved online November 2013:
  22. Bloom, Benjamin. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay, 1956.
  23. FinkDL.(2003)CreatingSignificantLearningExperiences.SanFrancisco,CA:Jossey‐Bass
  24. Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved online November 2013:
  25. Col JM. Managing Disasters: The role of local government. Public Administration Review 2007; special issue: 115-124
  26. Coppola DP. (2007) Participant: Governmental disaster management agencies. (Ed.) In Coppola DP. Introduction to international disaster management. Chapter 8 (337-377)
  27. Fire service manual. Volume 2. Fire Service operations. Incident command. Retrieved online November 2013:
  28. Guidance on Command and Control. National Policing Improvement Agency, 2009. Retrieved online November 2013:
  29. Lexicon of Multi-Agency Emergency Management Terms. Retrieved online November 2013:
  30. Alexander D. Towards the development of standards in emergency management training and education. Disaster prevention and management 2003; 12 (2): 113-123
  31. NATO Standardisation Agency website. Available at
  32. United Kingdom Cabinet OfficeStandards for Civil Protection in England and Wales.Retrieved online November 2013:
  33. United States' National Fire Protection AssociationNFPA 1600 Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs 2007 Edition. Retrieved online November 2013:
  34. SIPROCI ProjectMinimum Standards for a Local Plan of Civil Protection. Retrieved online November 2013:
  35. Sphere ProjectHumanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Retrieved online November 2013:
  36. Region of Lombardy Advanced School of Civil Protection LombardyCivil Protection Training Standard. Retrieved online November 2013:
  37. Australia-New ZealandStandard on Risk Management AS/NZS 4360:2004. Retrieved online November 2013:
  38. USNational Incident Management System standards. Retrieved online November 2013:
  39. British Standard in Business Continuity Management BS 25999 Parts 1 and 2. Retrieved online November 2013:
  40. Lalonde C. Crisis management and organizational development: Towards the conceprtion of a learning model in crisis management. Organizational Development Journal 2007; 25 (1): 17-26
  41. Fernandez AR, Studnek JR, Margolis GS, Crawford JM, Bentley MA, Marcozzi D. Disaster preparedness of nationally certified emergency medical services professionals. Academic Emergency Medicine 2011; 18 (4): 403-412

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