Appendix Table: Survey Items and Scales
Variable / Measure / Survey Questions / Response CategoriesOutcomes
Exposure of Interest
Initiated smoking / How many cigarettes have you smoked in your life? / Just a few puffs
1-19 cigarettes
20-100 cigarettes
More than 100 cigarettes
Covariates
Age, y / How old is the child? / 10,11,12,13,14
Sex / Is s/he a male or female? / Male / Female
Race/Ethnicity / Is s/he Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino? / Yes / No
Which of the following categories best describes your racial background? Are you: / White
Black or African American
Asian
American Indian or Alaskan Native
Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
Other
Academic performance / How would you describe your grades in school? / Excellent
Good
Average
Below average
Parent education / What is the highest grade or year of school completed (by the person granting permission for the study)? / High school graduate or less
Some college, vocational/technical, or associate's degree
Bachelor's, graduate, or professional degree
Household Income / What is your household income? / $20,000 or less
$20,001 to $50,000
more than $50,000
Sensation Seeking / I like to do scary things. Would you say that's… / not like you / 4-item index
a little like you
a lot like you
just like you
I like to do dangerous things / as above / Range: 4-16
I often think there is nothing to do / as above / Cronbach’s alpha = 0.57
I like to listen to loud music / as above
Rebelliousness / I get in trouble at school. Would you say that's… / as above / 4-item index
I argue a lot with other kids / as above / Range: 4-16
I argue with teachers / as above / Cronbach’s alpha = 0.74
I like to break the rules / as above
Maternal Responsiveness / She is pleased with how I behave. (Would you say that's) / not like him/her
a little like him/her / Range: 5-20
a lot like him/her / Cronbach's alpha = 0.78
just like him/her
She likes me just the way I am / as above
She listens to what I have to say / as above
She makes me feel better when I am upset / as above
She wants to hear about my problems / as above
Maternal Demandingness / She knows where I am after school. / as above / 4-item index
She has rules about how I spend my time after school / as above / Range: 0-12
She asks me what I do at my friends’ houses / as above / Cronbach's alpha = 0.63
She checks to see if I do my homework / as above
She usually lets me get away with breaking the rules / as above
She makes sure I go to bed on time / as above
TV exposure / How many hours of TV do you usually watch each day (on school days)? / None
Less than 1 hour
One to two hours
Three to four hours
More than four hours
TV in Bedroom / Do you have a TV in your bedroom? / Yes / No
Peer smoking / How many of your friends smoke cigarettes? / None
Some
Most
Sibling Smoking / Do any of your older brothers or sisters smoke cigarettes? / Yes / No
Parent smoking / Does your {mother/stepmother/father/stepfather} smoke cigarettes? / Yes / No
Could get cigarettes from home / If you wanted to, could you get cigarettes from home without your parents knowing? / Definitely yes
Probably yes
Probably no
Definitely no
Extracurricular activities / How often do you participate in team sports where there is a coach? / almost every day / 6-item index
Range:6-24
Cronbach’s alpha = 0.34
one to a few times a week
one to a few times a month
never
How often do you play in other sports without a coach? / as above
How often do you go to music lessons, choir, dance, or band practice? / as above
How often do you participate in school clubs or activities like math or science clubs or the school paper? / as above
How often do you participate in other clubs like the Boy or Girl Scouts, 4H, or Boys and Girls Clubs of America? / as above
How often do you attend church or other religious activities? / as above