Online Appendix
Appendix Figure 1: Flow diagram of study selection
* Many of the handsearch abstracts turned out to be duplicates, since the handsearch titles were not fully deduplicated prior to reviewing. Seven original nonduplicated studies from the handsearch met the full inclusion criteria.
† Reviewers were allowed to list multiple reasons for exclusion at the abstract level; therefore, the numbers of exclusions are higher than abstracts excluded
‡Reviewers were instructed to list only one reason for exclusion, but sometimes reviewers listed more than one reason for exclusion at the article review level; therefore, the number of reasons for exclusions exceed the number of articles excluded
¶ N of studies in parenthese are N of studies included in the meta-analyses when meta-analyses were conducted if the N of studies differed from the original N of studies included
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Appendix Figure 2: Effect of patient activation interventions on short-term mortality (<2 years) in adults with type 2 diabetes
Appendix Table 1: Search strategy for PubMedSearch Terms / PubMed Search Terms*
Type 2 diabetes terms / (("diabetes mellitus, type 2"[mh] or (diabet*[tiab] and ("non-insulin dependent"[tiab] or type-2[tiab] or "type II"[tiab] or "type 2"[tiab]))
Patient activation interventions terms
(health education, counseling, patient education, health behavior, patient activation, patient empowerment, patient participation, motivational interviewing, conversation maps, health behavior change, peer counseling/social support, chronic disease management, chronic disease self management, self management, self efficacy, diabetes educator, patient navigator, patient advocate, care coordinator, case management, and medical home).
Other patient activating terms were tried but did not add any useful additional studies. / ((("health education"[mh] OR ("health"[tiab] AND "education"[tiab]) OR "health education"[tiab]) OR (("education"[Subheading] OR "education"[tiab] OR "Education Department, Hospital"[mh] OR "Health Education"[mh]) or
(("Counseling"[mh] OR "Directive Counseling"[mh] OR "counselling"[tiab] OR "counseling"[tiab] OR "counseling"[tiab]) OR (("Models, Educational"[mh] OR "Self Care"[mh])) OR
"patient education handout"[Publication Type] OR "patient education as topic"[mh] OR "patient education"[tiab]) OR
"Health Behavior"[Mesh] OR "behaviour"[tiab] OR "behavior"[MeSH Terms] OR "behavior"[tiab] OR
("patients"[MeSH Terms] OR "patients"[tiab] OR "patient"[tiab]) AND activat*[tiab])
("patient participation"[MeSH Terms]) OR ("patient"[tiab] or "patients"[tiab] or "patients"[mh] AND "participation"[tiab]) OR ("patient participation"[tiab]) OR ("patient"[tiab] or "patients"[tiab] or "patients"[mh] AND "participat*"[tiab])
("patient empowerment"[tiab]) OR ("patient"[tiab] or "patients"[tiab] or "patients"[mh] AND "empowerment"[tiab]) OR ("patient"[tiab] or "patients"[tiab] or "patients"[mh] AND "empower*"[tiab]) OR
(("interviews as topic"[MeSH Terms] OR ("interviews"[tiab] AND "topic"[tiab]) OR "interviews as topic"[tiab] OR "interviewing"[tiab]))) AND "motivational"[tiab]))))
or "motivational interviewing"[tiab] or "motivational interview"[tiab] or "motivational interviews"[tiab] OR
conversation[tiab] AND maps[tiab]
("behaviour"[tiab] OR "behavior"[MeSH Terms] OR "behavior"[tiab]) AND ("change"[tiab]) OR
(("health behaviour"[tiab] OR "health behavior"[MeSH Terms] OR ("health"[tiab] AND "behavior"[tiab]) OR "health behavior"[tiab]) AND ("change"[tiab]))
((peer[tiab] AND ("counselling"[tiab] OR "counseling"[MeSH Terms] OR "counseling"[tiab])) OR ((("peer group"[MeSH Terms] OR ("peer"[tiab] AND "group"[tiab]) OR "peer group"[tiab])) AND support[tiab])))OR ((peer[tiab] AND ("support"[tiab] )) OR
(("chronic disease"[MeSH Terms] OR ("chronic"[tiab] AND "disease"[tiab]) OR ("chronic disease"[tiab])) AND (("self care"[MeSH Terms] OR ("self"[tiab] AND "care"[tiab]) OR "self care"[tiab] OR ("self"[tiab] AND "management"[tiab]) OR "self management"[tiab])) OR ("self"[tiab] AND "management"[tiab]) OR
"self management"[tiab])) OR ("self"[tiab] AND "management"[tiab]) OR
"self efficacy"[mh] or ("self"[tiab] AND "efficacy"[tiab]) OR
("diabetes"[tiab] AND "educator"[tiab]) OR "diabetes educator"[tiab] or
("patients"[MeSH Terms] OR "patients"[tiab] OR "patient"[tiab]) AND "navigator"[tiab])
(("patients"[MeSH Terms] OR "patients"[tiab] OR "patient"[tiab]) AND "advocate"[tiab]))
(("care"[tiab] and "management"[tiab]) or ("care"[tiab] and "coordinator"[tiab])) OR
"medical"[tiab] and "home"[tiab]
Randomized controlled trial / (randomized controlled trial[pt] OR controlled clinical trial[pt] OR randomized controlled trials[mh] OR random allocation[mh] OR double-blind method[mh] OR single-blind method[mh] OR clinical trial[pt] OR clinical trials[mh] OR ("clinical trial"[tw]) OR ((singl*[tw] OR doubl*[tw] OR trebl*[tw] OR tripl*[tw]) AND (mask*[tw] OR blind*[tw])) OR placebos[mh] OR placebo*[tw] OR random*[tw] OR research design[mh:noexp] OR comparative study[mh]
*We also added “AND English[lang] NOT (animal[mh] NOT human [mh]) NOT (letter[pt] or comment[pt] or editorial[pt])” to the search strategy to limit to English language, human, and original studies. The search terms were adapted to fit the other electronic databases.
Appendix Table 2: Quality of included studies
Author (Year) / Randomized / Randomization appropriate* / Double blind / Double blinding appropriate* / Withdrawals and dropouts described / Jadad Quality ScoreAdolfsson (2007) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Anderson (2009) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Anderson (2010) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Andrews (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Avdal (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
Babamoto (2009) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Barratt (2008) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Bjorgaas (2008) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Bonomo (2010) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Bradshaw (2007) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Brown (2002) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Bujnowska-fedak (2011) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Cade (2009) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Carter e et (2011) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Cavanaugh (2009) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
Cheyette (2007) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Christian (2008) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Clark (2004) / Yes / NR / No / NA / NR / 1
Clifford (2005) / Yes / No / NR / NA / No / 0
Cohen (2011) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Cooper (2008) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Crasto (2011) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
D’Eramo (2010) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Dale (2009) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
De greef (2010) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Dejesus (2009) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Di loreto (2003) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Diedrich (2010) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Dijkstra (2008) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / NR / 1
Duran (2010) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Edelman (2010) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Estey (1990) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Falkenberg (1986) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Farmer (2009) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Farsaei, s (2011) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / NR / 1
Fornos (2006) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Franciosi (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Franz (1995) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Frosch (2010) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Gary (2003) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / NR / 2
Gary (2009) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Glasgow (1992) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / NR / 1
Glasgow (2000) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Glasgow (2010) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Goldhaber-fiebert (2003) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Gordon (2008) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Graziano (2009) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Gregg (2007) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Groeneveld (2001) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Hanefeld (1991) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Hare (2011) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Hartwell (1986) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Hazavehei (2010) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / No / 2
Heinrich (2010) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
Heitzmann (1987) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
Heller (1988) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Hiss (2007) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Holtrop (2002) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Hordern (2009) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / No / 2
Huisman (2009) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Izquierdo (2010) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Jameson (2010) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Kang (2010) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / Yes / 3
Keogh (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Keyserling (2002) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Khunti (2012) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Kim (2009) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Kim, c (2006) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / NR / 1
Kim, s (2006) / Yes / NR / No / NA / NR / 1
Kleefstra (2010) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / Yes / 3
Ko (2004) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Ligtenberg (1997) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Lim (2011) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Lincoln (2008) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
Lorig (2008) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Lorig (2009) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / NR / 2
Lorig (2010) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / No / 2
Lu (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
Luley (2011) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / Yes / 3
Maier (2006) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
Mayer-davis (2004) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Mazzuca (1986) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Mckay (2002) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Moriyama (2009) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / Yes / 3
Mulrow (1987) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Negri (2010) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / Yes / 3
Nesari (2010) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Oh (2003) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Osborn (2010.) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Partapsingh (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Pedersen (2007) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Pettitt (2005) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Philis-tsimikis (2011) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / No / 2
Piatt (2010) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
Polonsky (2011) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Quinn (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Rachmani (2005) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / No / 2
Ralston (2009) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Ridgeway (1999) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Rodriguez-idigoras (2009) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Rosal (2011) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Rothman (2005) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / Yes / 3
Rygg (2012) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Sacco (2009) / Yes / No / No / NA / No / 0
Samuel-hodge (2009) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Sarkadi (2004) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / Yes / 3
Scott (2006) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Shibayama (2007) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Sixta (2008) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Skoro-kondza (2009) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
Smith (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Sonnichsen (2010) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Spencer (2011) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Sperl-hillen (2011) / Yes / Yes / NR / NA / Yes / 3
Sriram (2011) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Steed (2005) / Yes / No / No / NA / No / 0
Sturt (2008) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Taylor (2003) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
The california medical study (2004) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Thoolen (2007) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Thoolen (2009) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Tildesley (2010) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Toobert (2003) / Yes / NR / No / NA / NR / 1
Toobert (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Trento (2004) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Trento (2010) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Trief (2011) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Tudor-locke (2004) / Yes / NR / No / NA / No / 1
Vinicor (1987) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / No / 1
Wakefield (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Walker (2011) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
West (2007) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / No / 2
Whittemore (2004) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Williams (2005) / Yes / NR / No / NA / Yes / 2
Wing (1985) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / NR / 1
Wolever (2010) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / Yes / 2
Wolf (2004) / Yes / Yes / No / NA / Yes / 3
Yoo (2009) / Yes / NR / NR / NA / NR / 1
NR=Not reported, NA=not applicable,
*The Jadad quality score is continuous and ranges from 0 to 5, with 5 being the highest quality. Columns are scored as 1 point if “yes” and 0 points if “No” or “NR”. For the starred columns (randomization appropriate and double blinding appropriate), an additional point is given if “Yes” is marked and a point is deducted if “No” is marked.
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Appendix Table 3: Study and population characteristics of included studies
Author & year / Country / Study duration (months) / Population source / Funding source / Groups / N enrolled / Mean age / % Male / Race/ethnicity (%) / Diabetes duration (years) / Mean A1C (%)Adolfsson (2007) / Sweden / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG / 42 / 62 / 57 / NR / 6.5 / 7.4
mCG / 46 / 64 / 61 / NR / 6.7 / 7.1
Anderson (2009) / USA / 24 / PCC, Community / NPO / IG / 156 / 56 / 44 / AA (40.9%) / 8.6 / 7.7
mCG / 154 / 56 / 39 / AA (50%) / 8 / 7.5
Anderson (2010) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG / 146 / NR / 41 / C (27.4%)
AA (10.3%)
Other (62.3%) / NR / 76
UC / 149 / NR / 43 / C (26.2%)
AA (8.1%)
Other (65.8%) / NR / 8.4
Andrews (2011) / UK / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 248 / 60 / 64 / C (96%) / 0.50* / 6.64
IG2 / 246 / 60 / 66 / C (94%) / 0.53* / 6.69
mCG / 99 / 60 / 63 / C (97%) / 0.51* / 6.72
Avdal (2011) / Turkey / 6 / DC / NPO / IG / 61 / 51 / 49 / NR / NR / 8
UC / 61 / 52 / 49 / NR / NR / 8.1
Babamoto (2009) / USA / 6 / PCC / FPO / IG1 / 75 / 51 / 36 / H (100%) / NR / 8.6
IG2 / 60 / 50 / 48 / H (100%) / NR / 8.5
UC / 54 / 50 / 22 / H (100%) / NR / 9.3
Barratt (2008) / UK / 6 / PCC, NR / NR / IG / 25 / NR / 48 / NR / 8 / 9.6
UC / 25 / NR / 48 / NR / 7.8 / 9.7
Bjorgaas (2008) / Norway / 6 / DC, Community / NPO / IG / 23 / 56 / 61 / NR / NR / 7.4
UC / 25 / 61 / 68 / NR / NR / 7.7
Bonomo (2010) / Italy / 6 / DC / NPO / IG / 177 / 65 / 61 / NR / 10.8 / 8.06
UC / 96 / 63 / 61.5 / NR / 10.4 / 8.04
Bradshaw (2007) / USA / 6 / DC / NPO / IG / 25 / 61 / 32 / C (100%) / NR / 6.7
mCG / 29 / 58 / 38 / C (83%)
AA (0%)
Other (17%) / NR / 6.9
Brown (2002) / USA / 12 / Community / NPO / IG / 126 / 55 / 40 / H (100%) / 7.6 / 11.81
UC / 126 / 53 / 32 / H (100%) / 8.1 / 11.80
Bujnowska-Fedak (2011) / Poland / 6 / PCC / NR / IG / 47 / 53 / 55.3 / NR / 8.1 / 7.63
mCG / 48 / 58 / 52.1 / NR / 7.7 / 7.61
Cade (2009) / UK / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG / 122 / 65 / 57 / C (95%) / NR / 7.3
mCG / 127 / 66 / 60 / C (95%) / NR / 7.5
Carter (2011) / USA / 9 / PCC / NPO / IG / 26 / 52 / 31 / AA (100%) / NR / 9
UC / 21 / 49 / 43 / AA (100%) / NR / 8.8
Cavanaugh (2009) / USA / 6 / PCC and DC / FPO and NPO / IG / 99 / 52* / 37 / AA (42%) / 8* / 9.1*
mCG / 99 / 53* / 35 / AA (44%) / 8* / 9.1*
Cheyette (2007) / UK / 12 / NR / NR / IG / 29 / 57 / 48 / NR / NR / 8.4
UC / 21 / 58 / 57 / NR / NR / 8.4
Christian (2008) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG / 155 / 53 / 35 / H (100%) / NR / 8.08
mCG / 155 / 53 / 32 / H (100%) / NR / 8.29
Clark (2004) / UK / 12 / DC / FPO and NPO / IG / 50 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
UC / 50 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
Clifford (2005) / Australia / 12 / Fremantel Study population / NPO / IG / 92 / 71 / 48 / C (100%) / 10 / 7.5
UC / 88 / 70 / 57 / C (100%) / 8 / 7.1
Cohen (2011) / USA / 6 / VA EMR system / NPO / IG / 50 / 70 / 100 / NR / NR / 7.8
UC / 49 / 67 / 96 / NR / NR / 8.1
Cooper (2008) / UK / 12 / DC / NPO / IG / 53 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 7.9
UC / 59 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 7
Crasto (2011) / UK / 18 / PCC and DC / NPO / IG / 94 / 63 / 75.5 / C (72.3%)
A (23.4%) / 11 / 7.9
UC / 95 / 60 / 76 / C (64.2%)
A (31.6%) / 11.9 / 8
D’Eramo (2010) / USA / 24 / Community / NPO / IG / 52 / 47 / 0 / AA (100%) / NR / 8
UC / 57 / 45 / 0 / AA (100%) / NR / 8.3
Dale (2009) / UK / 6 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 44 / † / 56 / C (97.6%)
AA (0%)
Other (2.4%) / † / 8.9
IG2 / 90 / † / 56 / C (2%)
AA (98%) / † / 8.4
mCG / 97 / † / 64 / C (95.5%)
AA (1.1%)
Other (3.4%) / † / 8.7
DeGreef (2010) / Belgium / 3 / PCC / NR / IG1 / 21 / 70 / 62 / NR / † / 7.12
IG2 / 22 / 67 / 77.3 / NR / † / 7.23
UC / 24 / 66 / 71 / NR / † / 7
Dejesus (2009) / USA / 6 / PCC, Diabetes registry / NR / IG1 / 17 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
IG2 / 19 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
UC / 18 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
Di Loreto (2003) / Italy / 24 / DC / NPO / IG / 182 / 62 / 46.4 / NR / 7.6 / 7.6
mCG / 158 / 62 / 48.2 / NR / 7.6 / 7.7
Diedrich (2010) / USA / 3 / DSMEP enrollee referrals / NPO / IG / 16 / 57 / NR / NR / NR / 7.84
mCG / 17 / 55 / NR / NR / NR / 7.33
Dijkstra (2008) / Netherlands / 6 / PCC / NR / IG / 504 / 64 / 46.5 / NR / 5.6 / NR
UC / 489 / 63 / 53 / NR / 6.6 / NR
Duran (2010) / Spain / 12 / DC / NPO / IG / 99 / 55-70 / 45.5 / NR / NR / 6.6*
mCG / 62 / 58-72 / 47 / NR / NR / 6.6*
Edelman (2010) / USA / 12 / VA PCC / NPO / IG / 133 / 63 / 95.5 / C (42.9%)
AA (54.1%)
Other (3%) / NR / 9.2
UC / 106 / 61 / 96.2 / C (28.3%)
AA (65.1%)
Other (6.6%) / NR / 9.2
Estey (1990) / Canada / 3 / NR / NR / IG / 30 / 56 / 39 / NR / NR / 6.3
mCG / 30 / 54 / 54 / NR / NR / 6.1
Falkenberg (1986) / Sweden / 12 / PCC / FPO and NPO / IG / 22 / NR / 50 / NR / NR / 8.3
mCG / 11 / NR / 36.4 / NR / NR / 8.3
Farmer (2009) / UK / 12 / PCC / FPO and NPO / IG1 / 150 / 65 / 59 / NR / 3* / 7.41
IG2 / 151 / 66 / 58 / NR / 3* / 7.53
UC / 152 / 66 / 56 / NR / 3* / 7.49
Farsaei (2011) / Iran / 3 / DC / NPO / IG / 87 / 53 / 37 / NR / 10.8 / 9.3
mCG / 87 / 53 / 32 / NR / 10.3 / 8.9
Fornos (2006) / Spain / 13 / Pharmacies / FPO / IG / 56 / 62 / 43 / NR / NR / 8.4
UC / 56 / 65 / 43 / NR / NR / 7.8
Franciosi (2011) / Italy / 6 / DC / NR / IG / 46 / 49 / 70 / NR / 3.4 / 7.9
UC / 16 / 49 / 87.5 / NR / 3.2 / 7.9
Franz (1995) / USA / 6 / DC / NPO / IG / 94 / 57 / 45 / C (92%)
AA (6%)
Other (2%) / † / 8.3
mCG / 85 / 56 / 44 / C (81%)
AA (11%)
H (6%)
Other (2%) / NR / 8.3
Frosch (2010) / USA / 6 / PCC, safety net clinics / NPO / IG / 100 / 57 / 46 / C (21.2%)
AA (16.2%)
H (56.6%)
A (2%)
Other (4%) / 10.4 / 9.4
mCG / 101 / 54 / 57 / C (18%)
AA (16%)
H (55%)
A (5%)
Other (6%) / 9.5 / 9.8
Gary (2003) / USA / 24 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 41 / 59 / 22 / AA (100%) / 8 / 8.4
IG2 / 38 / 59 / 24 / AA (100%) / 8 / 8.8
IG3 / 36 / 60 / 22 / AA (100%) / 12 / 8.6
UC / 34 / 57 / 26 / AA (100%) / 9 / 8.5
Gary (2009) / USA / 36 / PCC / NPO / IG / 235 / 59 / 27 / AA (100%) / NR / 7.7
mCG / 253 / 56 / 26 / AA (100%) / NR / 8
Glasgow (1992) / USA / 6 / DC / NPO / IG / 52 / 67 / 36.5 / NR / 9.4 / 6.8
UC / 49 / 67 / 38 / NR / 9.5 / 7.4
Glasgow (2000) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 80 / 57 / 44 / C (91.4%) / 6.4 / 7.6
IG2 / 80 / 61 / 53 / C (90.9%) / 6.8 / 7.3
IG3 / 80 / 59 / 43 / C (88.6%) / 7 / 7.5
UC / 80 / 61 / 34 / C (90%) / 5.1 / 7.6
Glasgow (2010) / USA / 4 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 162 / 58 / 46.3 / C (70.7%)
AA (18.4%)
H (25.3%)
Other (6.2%) / NR / 8.26
IG2 / 169 / 59 / 55.4 / C (74.1%)
AA (14.8%)
H (25.3%)
Other (6.8%) / NR / 8.01
mCG / 132 / 59 / 48.5 / C (70.6%)
AA (12.7%)
H (16.8%)
Other (12.7%) / NR / 8.06
Goldhaber-Fiebert (2003) / Costa Rica / 3 / Community / NPO / IG / 37 / 60 / 19 / NR / NR / 8.6
UC / 35 / 57 / 26 / NR / NR / 8.6
Gordon (2008) / Cuba / 6 / NR / FPO and NPO / IG1 / 77 / 64 / 19.5 / NR / 1-10 / NR
IG2 / 77 / 64 / 19.5 / NR / 1-10 / NR
UC / 77 / 64 / 19.5 / NR / 1-10 / NR
Graziano (2009) / USA / 3 / PCC, DC / NR / IG / 61 / 60 / 54 / C (70%)
Nonwhite (30%) / 13.5 / 8.71
UC / 58 / 63 / 57 / C (84%)
Nonwhite (16%) / 12.2 / 8.59
Gregg (2007) / USA / 3 / PCC / NR / IG / 43 / 52 / 51 / C (32.6%)
AA (9.3%)
H (30.2%)
Other (28%) / 5.3 / 8.17
mCG / 38 / 50 / 42 / C (13.2%)
AA (10.5%)
H (26.3%)
Other (49.9%) / 6.6 / 8.21
Groeneveld (2001) / Netherlands / 12 / PCC / FPO / IG / 91 / 63 / 31 / NR / 4.1 / 10.4
UC / 155 / 62 / 46.5 / NR / 4.6 / 9.9
Hanefeld (1991) / Germany / 60 / DC / NR / IG2 / 382 / 46 / 60.5 / NR / NR / 7.54
IG2 / 379 / 46 / 52.2 / NR / NR / 7.04
UC / 378 / 47 / 54.5 / NR / NR / 7.21
Hare (2011) / USA / 36 / DC / NPO / IG / 94 / 56 / 52 / NR / 6.3 / 136
UC / 92 / 55 / 59 / NR / 6.3 / 129
Hartwell (1986) / USA / 6 / Community / NPO / IG1 / 87 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
IG2 / 87 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
IG3 / 87 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
mCG / 87 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
Hazavehei (2010) / Iran / 3 / PCC / Unclear / IG / 50 / NR / 22 / NR / NR / 8.65
mCG / 50 / NR / 26 / NR / NR / 8.57
Heinrich (2010) / Netherlands / 24 / PCC / NPO / IG / 287 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 6.49
UC / 272 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 6.51
Heitzmann (1987) / USA / 18 / Community, Diabetes specialist referrals / NPO / IG1 / 13 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
IG2 / 13 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
IG3 / 15 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
mCG / 14 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
Heller (1988) / UK / 12 / NR / FPO and NPO / IG / 36 / 57 / 56 / NR / NR / 12.3
mCG / 39 / 56 / 41 / NR / NR / 12.7
Hiss (2007) / USA / 63 / PCC, community / NPO / IG / 95 / 56 / 32 / C (65%)
AA (31%)
H (0%)
Other (4%) / 7.4 / 7.8
mCG / 102 / 57 / 36 / C (67%)
AA (25%)
H (6%)
Other (2%) / 7.4 / 7.4
Holtrop (2002) / USA / 6 / PCC / NR / IG / 67 / 58 / 28.4 / C (95%)
Other (5%) / NR / 8
UC / 40 / 65 / 0 / C (95%)
Other (5%) / NR / 7.7
Hordern (2009) / Australia / 12 / PCC, DC, community / FPO and NPO / IG / 111 / 56 / 53 / NR / NR / 7.5
UC / 112 / 55 / 57 / NR / NR / 7.6
Huisman (2009) / Netherlands / 6 / Hospital / NR / IG / 43 / 60 / 52 / NR / 7.28 / NR
UC / 129 / 57 / 46 / NR / 7.23 / NR
mCG / 23 / 57 / 42 / NR / 7.6 / NR
Izquierdo (2010) / USA / 24 / PCC / Unclear / IG / 890 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
UC / 890 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
Jameson (2010) / USA / 12 / PCC / FPO and NPO / IG / 52 / 49 / 49 / C (69.2%) / NR / 10.4
UC / 51 / 50 / 49 / C (56.8%) / NR / 11.1
Kang (2010) / Taiwan / 6 / DC / NR / IG / 28 / 55 / 57.2 / NR / 3.8 / 9.25
mCG / 28 / 52 / 50 / NR / 4.4 / 9.05
Keogh (2011) / Ireland / 6 / DC / NPO / IG / 60 / 60 / 65 / NR / 9.17 / 9.06
UC / 61 / 57 / 62 / NR / 9.65 / 9.29
Keyserling (2002) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 67 / 59 / 0 / AA (100%) / 10.8 / 10.8
IG2 / 66 / 60 / 0 / AA (100%) / 10.7 / 11.1
mCG / 67 / 59 / 0 / AA (100%) / 9.9 / 11.3
Khunti (2012) / UK / 36 / PCC / NPO / IG / 437 / 59 / 54.5 / C (97.2%) / NR / 8.3
UC / 272 / 61 / 56 / C (97.1%) / NR / 7.7
Kim, S (2006) / South Korea / 6 / DC / NPO / IG1 / 22 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 7.51
IG2 / 28 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 7.99
UC / 23 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 7.87
Kim, C (2006) / South Korea / 3 / DC / NPO / IG / 32 / 55 / 19 / NR / 10 / 8.6
mCG / 26 / 54 / 31 / NR / 7.9 / 8.5
Kim (2009) / USA / 6.9 / Community / NPO / IG / 41 / 56 / 62.5 / A (100%) / NR / 9.4
UC / 42 / 57 / 49 / NR / NR / 9.1
Kleefstra (2010) / Netherlands / 12 / NR / FPO and NPO / IG / 22 / 60 / 55 / NR / 5* / 7.6
UC / 19 / 59 / 72 / NR / 8* / 7.7
Ko (2004) / Hong Kong / 12 / DC / NR / IG / 90 / 55 / 49 / A (100%) / NR / 8.6
UC / 88 / 56 / 37 / A (100%) / NR / 8.4
Ligtenberg (1997) / Netherlands / 6 / Community / NPO / IG / 30 / 63 / 33 / NR / 6.6 / 8.9
mCG / 28 / 61 / 36 / NR / 9.4 / 8.8
Lim (2011) / South Korea / 6 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 51 / 67 / 43 / NR / 15.4 / 7.9
IG2 / 51 / 67 / 45 / NR / 14.1 / 7.8
UC / 52 / 68 / 36.5 / NR / 15.8 / 7.9
Lincoln (2008) / UK / 12 / Nephrology and Foot care clinics / NPO / IG / 87 / 64 / 72.4 / C (95.4%)
Other (4.6%) / NR / NR
UC / 85 / 65 / 62.4 / C (96.5%)
Other (3.5%) / NR / NR
Lorig (2008) / USA / 6 / Community / NPO / IG1 / 149 / 52 / 38 / NR / NR / NR
IG2 / 219 / 53 / 43 / NR / NR / 7.44
UC1 / 151 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
UC2 / 198 / 53 / 33 / NR / NR / 7.38
Lorig (2009) / USA / 6 / PCC, DC, Community, Mass media / NPO / IG / 186 / 68 / 37.6 / C (64%)
Other (36%) / NR / 6.7
mCG / 159 / 65 / 34 / C (70.6%)
Other (29.4%) / NR / 6.74
Lorig (2010) / USA / 18 / Community, Mass media / NPO / IG1 / 209 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
IG2 / 186 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
UC / 238 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
Lu (2011) / China / 6 / NR / FPO and NPO / IG1 / 34 / 53 / 59 / NR / 4* / 8.5
IG2 / 36 / 53 / 72 / NR / 1* / 8.8
UC / 35 / 57 / 66 / NR / 3* / 8.6
Luley (2011) / Germany / 6 / Community / NR / IG / 33 / 57 / 43 / NR / NR / 7.5
UC / 35 / 58 / 54 / NR / NR / 7.6
Maier (2006) / Austria / 6 / PCC / FPO / IG / 1041 / 58 / 53.5 / NR / NR / 7.9
UC / 1040 / 58 / 53 / NR / NR / 8
Mayer-Davis (2004) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 49 / 60 / 22 / C (14.3%)
AA (83.7%)
Other (2.0%) / 8.4 / 10.2
IG2 / 47 / 59 / 15 / C (10.6%)
AA (89.4%) / 11.6 / 9.7
mCG / 56 / 62 / 21 / C (73.2%)
AA (26.8%) / 12.7 / 9.6
Mazzuca (1986) / USA / 14 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 132 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 11.34
IG2 / 131 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 10.17
mCG / 135 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 10.51
UC / 134 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 10.19
Mckay (2002) / USA / 3 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 40 / 62 / 45 / NR / 11.6 / 7.46
IG2 / 40 / 58 / 42.5 / NR / 10 / 7.75
IG3 / 40 / 58 / 52.5 / NR / 11.7 / 7.64
mCG / 40 / 61 / 47.5 / NR / 11.8 / 7.2
Moriyama (2009) / Japan / 12 / Outpatient clinic at two hospitals / Unclear / IG / 42 / 66 / 40.5 / NR / 10.2 / 7.5
mCG / 23 / 65 / 56.5 / NR / 13.9 / 7.4
Mulrow (1987) / UK / 11 / DC / FPO / IG / 40 / 54 / 45 / Other (52%) / NR / 10.8
mCG1 / 40 / 53 / 45 / Other (50%) / NR / 9.5
mCG2 / 40 / 54 / 45 / Other (45%) / NR / 10.1
Negri (2010) / Italy / 4 / DC / NPO / IG / 21 / 66 / NR / NR / 10.7 / 7.5
mCG / 20 / 66 / NR / NR / 11.9 / 7.39
Nesari (2010) / Iran / 3 / Iranian Diabetes society / NPO / IG / 30 / 52 / 36.7 / NR / † / 8.9
mCG / 30 / 51 / 20 / NR / † / 9.6
Oh (2003) / South Korea / 3 / DC / NR / IG / 25 / 59 / 36 / NR / 13.1 / 8.8
UC / 25 / 62 / 36 / NR / 13.5 / 8.3
Osborn (2010) / USA / 3 / PCC / NR / IG / 91 / 57 / 21 / H (100%) / 13.2 / 7.8
UC / 91 / 58 / 30 / NR / NR / 7.3
Partapsingh (2011) / West Indies / 11.1 / PCC / NR / IG / 61 / NR / 64 / African (3%)
East Indian (93%)
Mixed (3%) / † / 8.5
UC / 61 / NR / 66 / African (10%)
East Indian (85%)
Mixed (5%) / † / 8.2
Pedersen (2007) / Canada / 6 / DC / FPO / IG / 65 / 57 / 32.3 / NR / NR / 7.53
UC / 65 / 55 / 49.2 / NR / NR / 7.5
Pettitt (2005) / USA / 23 / NR / FPO and NPO / IG / 102 / 55 / 26.5 / C (40.2%)
AA (13.7%)
H (40.2%)
Other (6.0%) / 8.8 / 9.5
UC / 98 / 56 / 30 / C (42.9%)
AA (13.3%)
H (35.7%)
Other (8.0%) / 10.6 / 9.4
Philis-Tsimikis (2011) / USA / 10 / Community, Medical chart reviews / NPO / IG / 104 / 52 / 34 / NR / NR / 10.5
UC / 103 / 49 / 25 / NR / NR / 10.3
Piatt (2010) / USA / 36 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 18 / 64 / 33.3 / Nonwhite (5.6%) / NR / 7.3
IG2 / 15 / 69 / 53.3 / Nonwhite (20%) / NR / 7.4
UC / 24 / 66 / 58.3 / Nonwhite (4.2%) / NR / 7.1
Polonsky (2011) / USA / 12 / PCC / FPO / IG / 256 / 55 / 53 / C (59.8%)
AA (30.5%)
Other (9.8%) / 7.5 / 8.9
UC / 227 / 57 / 54 / C (67%)
AA (31.7%)
Other (1.3%) / 7.7 / 8.9
Quinn (2011) / USA / 12 / PCC / FPO and NPO / IG1 / 62 / 52 / 50 / C (62.9%)
AA (27.4%)
Other (9.7%) / 8.2 / 9.9
IG2 / 22 / 54 / 45.5 / C (40.9%)
AA (45.5%)
Other (13.6%) / 6.8 / 9
IG3 / 23 / 53 / 52.2 / C (52.2%)
AA (43.5%)
Other (4.3%) / 7.7 / 9.3
UC / 56 / 53 / 50 / C (46.4%)
AA (48.2%)
Other (5.4%) / 9 / 9.2
Rachmani (2005) / Israel / 96 / DC / Unclear / IG / 71 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 9.5
UC / 70 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 9.6
Ralston (2009) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG / 42 / 57 / 52.4 / C (89.7%) / NR / 7.9
UC / 41 / 58 / 49 / C (73%) / NR / 8.2
Ridgeway (1999) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG / 18 / 62 / 33.3 / NR / 10 / 12.3**
UC / 20 / 65 / 25 / NR / 13 / 12.3**
Rodriguez-Idigoras (2009) / Spain / 12 / PCC / FPO / IG / 161 / 63 / 54 / NR / 11.3 / 7.62
UC / 167 / 65 / 49 / NR / 10.2 / 7.41
Rosal (2011) / USA / 12 / PCC / FPO and NPO / IG / 124 / † / 22 / H (100%) / † / 8.85
UC / 128 / † / 25 / H (100%) / † / 9.11
Rothman (2005) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG / 112 / 54 / 44 / AA (69.6%) / 8 / 11
mCG / 105 / 57 / 44 / AA (59%) / 9 / 11
Rygg (2012) / Norway / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG / 73 / 40-75 / NR / C (100%) / NR / 7.1
UC / 73 / NR / NR / C (100%) / NR / 6.9
Sacco (2009) / USA / 6 / DC / NPO / IG / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
UC / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
Samuel-Hodge (2009) / USA / 12 / Community / NPO / IG / 117 / 57 / 36 / AA (100%) / 8.8 / 7.7
mCG / 84 / 61 / 37 / AA (100%) / 9.2 / 7.9
Sarkadi (2004) / Sweden / 24 / Community / NPO / IG / 39 / 66 / NR / NR / 5.9 / 6.5
UC / 38 / 67 / NR / NR / 2.6 / 6.4
Scott (2006) / USA / 9 / PCC / NPO / IG / 76 / NR / 42 / C (56.6%)
AA (5.3%)
H (34.2%)
Other (4.0%) / NR / 8.8
UC / 73 / NR / 36 / C (56.2%)
AA (1.4%)
H (30.1%)
Other (11%) / NR / 8.7
Shibayama (2007) / Japan / 12 / DC / NPO / IG / 67 / 61 / 65 / NR / 10 / 7.3
UC / 67 / 62 / 65 / NR / 13 / 7.4
Sixta (2008) / USA / 6 / PCC / NPO / IG / 63 / 55 / 29 / H (100%) / 7.3 / 7.32
UC / 68 / 53 / 29 / H (100%) / 6.2 / 7.65
Skoro-Kondza (2009) / UK / 6 / PCC / FPO / IG / 29 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 7.06
mCG / 30 / NR / NR / NR / NR / 7.03
Smith (2011) / Ireland / 24 / PCC / NPO / IG / 192 / 66 / 54 / NR / 7.4 / 7.2
UC / 203 / 63 / 54 / NR / 6.9 / 7.2
Sonnichsen (2010) / Austria / 12 / PCC / FPO and NPO / IG / 649 / 65 / 51 / NR / NR / 7.46
UC / 840 / 66 / 53 / NR / NR / 7.34
Spencer (2011) / USA / 6 / PCC / NPO / IG / 72 / 50 / 25 / AA (53%)
H (47%) / 8 / 8.6
mCG / 92 / 55 / 33 / AA (61%)
H (39%) / 9 / 8.5
Sperl-Hillen (2011) / USA / 12 / PCC / FPO / IG1 / 246 / 62 / 50 / C (62.7%)
AA (5.7%)
H (23.4%)
Other (8.2%) / 11.9 / 8.14
IG2 / 243 / 61 / 49 / C (66.5%)
AA (5.8%)
H (20.7%)
Other (7.0%) / 10.7 / 8.07
UC / 134 / 63 / 54 / C (67.2%)
AA (4.5%)
H (22.4%)
Other (6.0%) / 13 / 8
Sriram (2011) / India / 8 / Hospital / Unclear / IG / 60 / 54 / NR / NR / NR / 8.44
UC / 60 / 58 / NR / NR / NR / 9.03
Steed (2005) / UK / 4.2 / PCC / NPO / IG / 65 / 59 / 68 / C (52.3%)
AA (27.7%)
A (20%) / 10.7 / 8.2
UC / 59 / 60 / 75 / C (45.8%)
AA (25.4%)
A (28.8%) / 10.9 / 8.6
Sturt (2008) / UK / 6 / PCC / NPO / IG / 114 / 62 / 61 / C (81%) / † / 8.9
UC / 131 / 62 / 60 / C (79%) / † / 8.8
Taylor (2003) / USA / 12 / PCC, DC, Nephrology clinic / NPO / IG / 84 / 56 / 50 / C (66.7%)
AA (6%)
H (14.3%)
Other (13%) / NR / 9.5
mCG / 85 / 55 / 55 / C (56.5%)
AA (9.4%)
H (21.2%)
Other (12.9%) / NR / 9.5
The California Medi-Cal Study (2004) / USA / 36 / Hospital, PCC / FPO and NPO / IG / 186 / 57 / 27 / C (34.9%)
AA (16.1%)
H (39.2%)
Other (9.7%) / 10.3 / 9.6
UC / 172 / 57 / 29 / C (36%)
AA (15.7%)
H (38.4%)
Other (9.9%) / 12 / 9.7
Thoolen (2007) / Netherlands / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 50 / 62 / 66 / NR / 1.82 / NR
IG2 / 39 / 62 / 47 / NR / 1.15 / NR
mCG1 / 56 / 63 / 62 / NR / 1.73 / NR
mCG2 / 52 / 62 / 62 / NR / 1.45 / NR
Thoolen (2009) / Netherlands / 12 / NR / NR / IG / 89 / 62 / 64 / NR / 1.53 / NR
mCG / 102 / 62 / 55 / NR / 1.42 / NR
Tildesley (2010) / USA / 6 / DC / FPO / IG / 24 / 57 / 58 / NR / 18.8 / 8.8
UC / 23 / 62 / 65 / NR / 18.8 / 8.5
Toobert (2003) / USA / 6 / PCC / NPO / IG / 163 / NR / 0 / NR / 8.5 / 7.43
UC / 116 / NR / 0 / NR / 10.2 / 7.4
Toobert (2011) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG / 142 / 56 / 0 / H (100%) / 8.4 / 8.4
UC / 138 / 59 / 0 / H (100%) / 10.4 / 8.2
Trento (2004) / Italy / 60 / DC / NPO / IG / 56 / 60 / 36 / NR / 8.8 / 7.4
UC / 56 / 61 / 39 / NR / 10.1 / 7.4
Trento (2010) / Italy / 48 / Hospital based clinic / NR / IG / 421 / 69 / 48 / NR / 15.7 / 7.75
UC / 394 / 70 / 54 / NR / 16.6 / 7.81
Trief (2011) / USA / 6 / Community / NPO / IG1 / 12 / 61 / 50 / NR / 9.83 / 8.14
IG2 / 12 / 60 / 42 / NR / 14.5 / 8.43
mCG / 13 / 61 / 38.5 / NR / 18 / 8.22
Tudor-Locke (2004) / Canada / 5.5 / DC / FPO and NPO / IG / 24 / 53 / 50 / NR / 2.67 / 7.6
mCG / 23 / 53 / 61 / NR / 2.67 / 7.6
Vinicor (1987) / USA / 29 / Hospital, Medical records / NPO / IG1 / 130 / 57 / 18 / AA (72.3%) / NR / NR
IG2 / 130 / 58 / 22 / AA (65.8%) / NR / NR
IG3 / 133 / 57 / 19 / AA (72.2%) / NR / NR
mCG / 129 / 58 / 29.5 / AA (75.2%) / NR / NR
Wakefield (2011) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG1 / 102 / 68 / 99 / C (96.1%)
AA (2%)
H (1%)
Other (1%) / NR / 7.2
IG2 / 93 / 68 / 99 / C (97%)
AA (3%) / NR / 7.1
UC / 107 / 68 / 96 / C (95.3%)
AA (0.9%)
H (0.9%)
Other (1.9%) / NR / 7.2
Walker (2011) / USA / 12 / PCC, database / NPO / IG / 262 / 56 / 32 / C (5.7%)
AA (61.5%)
H (24.8%)
Other (8%) / 8.8 / 8.6
mCG / 264 / 55 / 34 / C (6.1%)
AA (61.7%)
H (20.5%)
Other (11.7%) / 9.5 / 8.7
West (2007) / USA / 18 / Community, physician referrals / NPO / IG / 109 / 54 / 0 / C (61%)
AA (39%) / 5.8 / 7.54
mCG / 108 / 52 / 0 / C (62%)
AA (38%) / 4.9 / 7.62
Whittemore (2004) / USA / 6 / Diabetes education center / NPO / IG / 26 / NR / 0 / NR / NR / 7.7
UC / 23 / NR / 0 / NR / NR / 7.6
Williams (2005) / USA / 12 / Hospital, DC / NPO / IG / 120 / 55 / 51 / C (62.4%) / 9.6 / 8.99
mCG / 112 / 55 / 52 / C (72.6%) / 10.6 / 9.31
Wing (1985) / NR / 3.7 / Community, physician referral / NPO / IG1 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
IG2 / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
UC / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR / NR
Wolever (2010) / USA / 6 / Community / FPO / IG / 30 / 53 / 27 / C (33%)
AA (63%)
Other (3%) / 11.8 / 7.7
UC / 26 / 53 / 19 / C (46%)
AA (50%)
Other (4%) / 10.6 / 8.2
Wolf (2004) / USA / 12 / PCC / NPO / IG / 73 / 53 / 38 / C (83.6%) / NR / 7.9
UC / 71 / 53 / 41 / C (74.6%) / NR / 7.5
Yoo (2009) / South Korea / 3 / Hospital, Community health center / NPO / IG / 57 / 57 / 53 / NR / 6 / 7.6
UC / 54 / 59 / 65 / NR / 7.2 / 7.4
Abbreviations - NPO: Non-profit organization; FPO: For-profit organization; PCC: Primary care clinic; DC: Diabetes clinic; DSMEP: Diabetes self management education program; IG: Intervention group; UC: Usual care group; mCG: minimal control group; C: Caucasian; AA: African American; H: Hispanic/Latino; A: Asian; NR: Not reported. In % race column, if % does not equal 100%, then the rest was either not reported or “other” race. *: Median; **: GHb; † Reported as categories
1
Appendix Table 4: Intervention characteristics and intermediate outcome results for included studies
Author and year / Intervention team / Strategies used in the intervention / Behavior targeted by the intervention / Intervention Sessions (N; duration of each) / Type of counseling (1=Initial; 2=Ensuing) / Mode of counseling (1=Initial; 2=Ensuing) / Change in A1c (%)* / Change in SBP (mmHg)* / Change in Body weight (lbs)* / Change in Lipids (mg/dL)*Adolfsson (2007) / MD, Diabetes nurse specialist / A/F, TBC, PS / PS, Empowerment / NR; NR / 1. Group;
2. Group / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / -0.3 (0.23) / NR / NR / NR
Anderson (2009) / MD, RN, RD / FIN, A/F, ICP / HE, PE, SM, HC, RR / 24; NR / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. NR;
2. Phone, FTF / -0.48 (0.24) / -1.47 (2.3) / NR / NR
Anderson (2010) / RN / PS, ICP, RNs sent telephone encounter notes to the primary care provider / HE, PE, Meds, SM, PS, RR, Stress reduction, SM, Goal setting / 12 to 52 calls; NR / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. Phone;
2. Phone, mail / -0.08 (0.17) / NR / NR / LDL, 4.16 (3.55)
Andrews (2011) / MD, RN, RD / TBC, ICP / HE, PE / 14; varied / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / -0.21 (0.09) / 1.22 (1.4) / -4.95 (1.23) / LDL, 0.39 (3.16); HDL, 0 (1.09); TG, -7.97 (11.98)
Avdal (2011) / NR / A/F / SM / NR; NR / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. Internet;
2. Internet / -0.56 (0.18) / NR / NR / NR
Babamoto (2009) / MD, RN, CHW / TBC, SB, PS, Peer/Family, LHA/CHW, ICP / HE, PE, Meds, SM, PS / NR; NR / 1. One on one;
2. With participant and their family members / 1. FTF;
2. Phone, FTF / 0.7 (1.25) / NR / NR / NR
Barratt (2008) / RD / FIN, A/F, TBC, SB, ICP / HE, PE, HC / 6; varied / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / 0.3 (0.54) / -5.7 (4.06) / -11.44 (2.74) / LDL, 0 (8.17); HDL, 1.93 (2.32); TG, 0 (24.05)
Bjorgaas (2008) / MD, RN, PE physiologist / FIN, A/F, SB, ICP / PE / 4; NR / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / 0.08 (0.32) / 1.4 (6.35) / 0.66 (2.16) / HDL, -1.55 (1.63); TG, 10.63 (16.59)
Bonomo (2010) / MD, RN, DM Team (Not Defined) / FIN, A/F / SM / 15; NR / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. FTF;
2. Phone, FTF / 0.02 (0.12) / NR / NR / NR
Bradshaw (2007) / Clinical staff / Resiliency training / HE, PE, SM, HC / 10; 90 minutes / 1. NR;
2. NR / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / NR / NR / NR / NR
Brown (2002) / RN, Peer, MSW, RD / FIN, A/F, SB, PS, Peer/Family, LHA/CHW / HE, PE, Meds, SM, PS, RR / 40; 2 hours / 1. NR;
2. Group / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / -0.76 (0.38) / NR / NR / TG, -3.99 (20.63)
Bujnowska-Fedak (2011) / MD, RN / A/F / SM / NR; NR / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. FTF;
2. Phone, FTF, e-Mail, SMS / -0.08 (0.31) / 2 (4.98) / NR / NR
Cade (2009) / Peer, Senior trainer / A/F, Peer/Family, Goal setting / HE, PE, SM, HC / 7; 2 hours / 1. Group;
2. Group / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / 0.04 (0.18) / -3.8 (2.5) / -0.66 (1.23) / NR
Carter (2011) / MD, RN, Project staff / A/F, Peer/Family, ICP / HE, PE, SM, HC, RR / NR; 30 minutes / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. Internet video conference;
2. Same as initial / -1.28 (0.64) / 1 / -14.9 (7.4) / NR
Cavanaugh (2009) / PharmD, RD, RN / A/F / HE, PE, Meds, SM, RR / 2 to 6; NR / 1. NR;
2. NR / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / NR / NR / NR / NR
Cheyette (2007) / RN educator, RD, PT / A/F, SB / HE, PE, HC, Weight loss, Goal setting and maintenance / 8; 1.5 hours / 1. Group;
2. Group / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / -0.6 (0.23) / NR / -2.86 (10.23) / NR
Christian (2008) / MD / A/F, TBC, ICP / HE, PE, HC, Reinforcement / NR; 20 minutes / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / 0.32 (0.20) / 2.11 (2.52) / -1.57 (1.32) / LDL, -10.81 (4.71); HDL, -1.99 (1.74); TG, -4.12 (11.77)
Clark (2004) / Unclear (Called interventionists) / A/F, TBC, SB, PS, ICP / HE, PE, PS, HC, Goal setting and reinforcement / 7; varied / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. FTF;
2. Phone, FTF / NR / NR / NR / NR
Clifford (2005) / MD, PharmD, Other HCPs / A/F, SB, ICP / HE, PE, Meds, SM, RR / 8; varied / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. FTF;
2. Phone, FTF / NR / -7 (3.43) / NR / HDL, 1.93 (1.05)
Cohen (2011) / RN, Pharm, RD, PT / A/F, TBC, SB, Peer/Family / HE, PE, Meds, HC, RR / 9; varied / 1. Group;
2. Group / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / -0.21 (0.27) / -8.39 (3.83) / 0.33 (2.39) / LDL, 2.13 (5.96)
Cooper (2008) / MD, Diabetes nurse specialist / A/F, TBC, SB, Peer/Family, ICP / HE, PE, SM, HC, RR / 8; 2 hours / 1. Group;
2. Group / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / -0.3 (0.15) / NR / NR / NR
Crasto (2011) / MD, DEs / A/F, TBC, ICP, PS / HE, PE, Meds, RR / NR; NR / 1. One on one;
2. Group, one on one / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / -0.68 (0.16) / -10.32 (2.31) / 0.88 (1.57) / LDL, -15.85 (4.04); HDL, -0.39 (0.99); TG, -11.51 (11.07)
D’Eramus (2010) / RN, Health care delivery team / FIN, A/F, SB, PS, Peer/Family, LHW/CHW support, Communication (Active listening, assertiveness, and refusal techniques) / HE, PE, Meds, SM, PS, HC / 11; varied / 1. Group;
2. Group / 1. FTF;
2. FTF / NR / NR / NR / NR
Dale (2009) / Peer / TBC, Peer/Family / HE, PE, Meds, HC / NR; varied / 1. One on one;
2. One on one / 1. Phone;
2. Phone / 0.18 (0.18) / NR / NR / NR
De Greef (2010) / Clinical Psych / A/F, Psych counseling, TBC, SB, PS, ICP / PE / 3; 90 minutes / 1. Group;