Appendix A. Site Management Practices at and After Reclamation. Practices at Reclamation
Appendix A. Site management practices at and after reclamation. Practices at reclamation are from West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection records and reflect plans for R0 and R3 and reports for R7 and R12. Manageent post-reclamation are based on communication from a local expert, Prof. Jeff Skousen.
At reclamation / Post-reclamationSite / Fertilizer rate &
analysis (N-P-K) / Mulch / Lime / Fertilization / Lime / Cutting
R0 / 600 lbs/acre, 10-20-10 or 10-20-20 / 3,000-4,000 lbs/acre hay, straw or wood mulch / Sufficient to achieve pH 6.0 / n/a / n/a / n/a
R3 / 200-300 lbs/acre,
10-20-10 / 3,000-4,000 lbs/acre hay, straw or short paper fiber or one ton wood mulch / Sufficient to achieve pH 6.0 / Unkown / Unkown / Unkown
R7 / 600 lbs/acre,
10-20-20 / 3,000-4,000 lbs/acre hay / None, replaced topsoil. pH = 6.0 / None / None / None
R12 / 600 lbs/acre,
10-20-10 / 3,000 lbs/acre hay / None, replaced topsoil. pH = 6.0 / 1/3 plots: none
2/3 plots: once / 1/3 plots: none
2/3 plots: once / 1/3 plots: cut & removed 2-3 times
2/3 plots: cut annually, never removed
Pasture / n/a / n/a / n/a / 1/3 plots: once
2/3 plots: none / 1/3 plots: once
2/3 plots: none / 1/3 plots: cut annually, never removed
2/3 plots: cut & removed annually
R0 is a surface mine reclaimed zero years ago, R3, three years, etc. Pasture is a non-mined pasture.
Appendix B. Plant species seeded on sites and the rate of their application (in pounds per acre). Data are from West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection Final Planting Reports for R7 and R12 and permit applications for R0 and R3.
R0 / R3 / R7 / R12Agrostis gigantea / Redtop / 2 / 5 / 3 / 2
Avena sativa / oats / 13 / 13 / 13
Dactylis glomerata / orchard grass / 11 / 4.5 / 4.5
Festuca arundinacea / fawn tall fescue / 6.5 / 6.5
Kobe lespedeza / Kobe lespedeza / 5
Lotus corniculatus / Birdsfoot trefoil / 3 / 5 / 3 / 3
Phleum pratense / Timothy / 3 / 3 / 3
Secale cereale / rye / 24 / 10 / 24 / 24
Setaria italica / Foxtail millet / 5
Trifolium hybridum / Alsike clover / 3 / 3
Trifolium hybridum & repens / White and alsike clover / 3
Trifolium pretense / red clover / 3 / 3 / 3
Trifolium repens / White clover / 3 / 3 / 3
Triticum aestivum / Winter wheat / 10
R0 is a surface mine reclaimed zero years ago, R3, three years, etc. Pasture is a non-mined pasture.
Appendix C. Plant species, their threat of invasion as classified by West Virginia Native Plant Society’s Checklist of the Invasive Plant Species of West Virginia, and the number of plots on each site where they were observed on reclaimed surface mines of various ages.
ID / Invasiveness threat / R0 / R3 / R7 / R12 / PastureAcer rubrum / n/a / 0 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 0
Achillea millefolium / significant / 0 / 0 / 3 / 1 / 3
Allium cernuum / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Ambrosia artemisifolia / n/a / 3 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Andropogon virginicus / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 3
Anthoxanthum odoratum / watch list / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 3
Apocynum cannabinum / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Arthraxon hispidus / severe / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Asclepias tuberosa / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Aster pilosis / n/a / 0 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 0
Aster puniceus / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Aster sp. 1 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Aster sp. 2 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Aster sp. 3 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Aster sp. 4 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Aster sp. 5 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Asteraceae 1 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Asteraceae 2 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Asteraceae 3 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Asteraceae 4 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Avena sativa / n/a / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Botrychium virginianum / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Bromus inermis / severe / 0 / 3 / 0 / 1 / 0
Caprifoliaceae / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Cirsium vulgare / significant / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1
Coronilla varia / severe / 0 / 0 / 3 / 1 / 1
Crataegus sp. / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Dactylis glomerata / significant / 0 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 2
Daucus carota / lesser / 0 / 0 / 2 / 3 / 3
Digitaria ischaemum / n/a / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Digitaria sangiunalis / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Echinochloa crus-galli / n/a / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Elaeagnus umbellata / severe / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Erechtites hieracifolia / n/a / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Erigeron annuus / n/a / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 2
Festuca arundinacea / severe / 0 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 2
Galium concinnum / n/a / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1
Galium pilosum / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Hieracium gronovii / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Hieracium pratense / significant / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2
Holcus lanatus / severe / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 3
Hypochoeris radicata / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Ipomoea pandurata / n/a / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Lactuca scariola / watch list / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1
Leucanthemum vulgare / significant / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 3
Liriodendron tulipifera / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Lotus corniculatus / watch list / 0 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 1
Lysimachia quadrifolia / n/a / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Medicago lupulina / significant / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Medicago sativa / watch list / 0 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 1
Melilotus officianalis / significant / 0 / 2 / 0 / 1 / 0
Oxalis corniculata / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3
Panicum clandestinum / n/a / 0 / 0 / 2 / 1 / 2
Panicum implicatum / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Phleum pratense / significant / 0 / 2 / 0 / 1 / 1
Plantago lanceolata / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 2
Plantago rugelii / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1
Poa pretensis / severe / 0 / 2 / 3 / 1 / 2
Polygonum persicaria / significant / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Polygonum sp. / n/a / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Potentilla cinquefoil / n/a / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 3
Potentilla simplex / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2
Prunella vulgaris / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 1
Ranunculus sp. / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Rhus radicans / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3
Rosaceae sp. / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Rubus sp. / n/a / 0 / 0 / 2 / 1 / 2
Rudbeckia sp. / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Rumex crispus / significant / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1
Salvia lyrata / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Satureja vulgaris / n/a / 0 / 0 / 3 / 3 / 3
Scarbrous aster / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Scutellaria integrifolia / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Senecio obovatus / n/a / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 3
Sisyrinchium angustifolium / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Solanum carolinense / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1
Solidago juncea / n/a / 0 / 0 / 3 / 1 / 0
Solidago rugosa / n/a / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Solidago sp. 1 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Solidago sp. 2 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Taraxacum officinale / n/a / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1
Trifolium agrarium / significant / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1
Trifolium hybridum / significant / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1
Trifolium pretense / lesser / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Trifolium repens / significant / 0 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 3
Triodia flava / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2
Veronica officinalis / significant / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Viola sp. 1 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3
Viola sp. 2 / n/a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
R0 is a surface mine reclaimed zero years ago, R3, three years, etc. Pasture is a non-mined pasture.