APES: Study Guide for Cumulative Final

FINAL EXAM is May 10/11

Optional in-class retake is May 19/20

IMPORTANT PROCESSES/MODELS: Be able to explain, diagram, and give examplesof EACH of these. For environmental issues, always think of human health, ecosystems, and economics.

•Food Webs and Food Chains (arrow direction shows flow of Energy!)

•Ecosystem Interactions (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation)

•Ecosystem pyramid models (biomass, trophic)

•Important Species (Keystone, Invasive, Indicator, Foundation)

•Succession (primary and secondary)

•Age Structure Diagrams

•Demographic Transition

•Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration

•Convection currents in the atmosphere (Hadley, Ferrell, and Polar cells)

•Biogeochemical Cycles (Nitrogen, Hydrologic, Carbon, Sulfur, Phosphorous)

•Zones of Ocean Life

•Aquatic biomes (marine, riparian, estuaries, wetlands, lakes)

•Terrestrial Biomes and latitude

(Tropical Rainforests, Tropical Grasslands, Deserts, Savannah, Grasslands, Temperate Rainforests, Temperate Deciduous Forest, Taiga/Boreal forest, Tundra, Polar Ice Caps)

  • Layers of the Atmosphere
  • Layers of the soil and soil conservation
  • Layers of the Earth and Plate Tectonics
  • Sustainable and non-sustainable food production (plants, animals, and fish!!)
  • Sustainable and non-sustainable forestry
  • Water pollution and resources (don’t forget drought!)
  • Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change
  • Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
  • Bioassay/LD50
  • Nonrenewable and renewable energy sources (Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Nuclear, Biomass, Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal, Hydrogen fuel cell)
  • Energy conservation and efficiency
  • Electricity production
  • Waste types and waste management (include wastewater!)
  • Urbanization and urban sprawl
  • Strategies for sustainable cities.
  • Strategies for ecological remediation
  • Strategies for reducing ecological footprint
  • Experimental Design (independent variable, dependent variable, control, data analysis, graphing, drawing conclusions)
  • Pollution: types, effects, impacts.

FORMULAS (mathematical and chemical)

I = PAT

Rule of 70: Doubling Time = ______70______

Growth rate in percent

population change = (birthrate +immigration) – (deathrate + emigration)

Rate of population change = birthrate-deathrate

10

Percent Change = initial-new X 100

initial

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O

6CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Acid deposition: NO + ½ O2 → NO2; 2 NO2 + H2O → HNO2 + HNO3; SO2+ H2O → H2SO3; H2SO3 + ½ O2 → H2SO4

Ammonia → Nitrite → nitrate (nitrogen fixing!)

Other chemical elements, compounds and molecules to recognize**:

NaCl, SO2, H2SO4, HCl, CO2, CO, CH4, H2, O2, O3, N, P, K, Hg, Pb, Cu, Cl, NO2, N2O, H2O, CFCs, U-235,C6H12O6

**Connect to Air, Water, and Land!

VOCABULARY and CONCEPTS: Start by going through and highlighting the words or concepts you do not remotely remember. Then learn them. Use this list to keep track of what you know and need to re-learn by checking or crossing off words you are fully confident in, and can completely describe to another person. Be sure you can give an example for each and explain how the different concepts interact and connect.

LAND

soil

weathering (biological, chemical, physical)

soil horizons

humus

leaching

alkaline

acidic

clay

sand

silt

permeability

agriculture

irrigation

salinization

erosion

soil compaction

Green Revolution

subsistence agriculture

intercropping

sustainable agriculture

aquaculture

hydroponics

pesticide

herbicide

fertilizer

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)

drip irrigation

rangeland

overgrazing

pasture

surface mining

mountaintop removal

strip mining

open-pit mining

Ore

Reclamation

Tailings

old-growth forest

selective cutting

strip cutting

clear cutting

deforestation

desertification

WATER

Marine

Riparian

Saltwater

Freshwater

Brackish water

Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

Benthos

Decomposers

Coral Reef

Open Sea

Estuary

Intertidal Zone

Pelagic zone

Euphotic Zone

Bathyal Zone

Abyssal Zone

Continental Shelf

Hydrothermal vent

Thermohaline circulation

ENSO

Salinity

Watershed

Ocean Acidification

Hypoxia

Eutrophication

Point source Pollution

Nonpoint source pollution

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Littoral zone

Benthic zone

Wetland

AIR

indoor air pollution

primary pollutant

secondary pollutant

stratospheric ozone layer

ozone depletion

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Chapman reactions (be specific!)

UV radiation

infrared radiation

hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

industrial smog

photochemical smog

temperature inversion

volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

acid deposition (wet and dry)

aerosols

particulate matter (PM)

Clean Air Act

criteria pollutants (be specific)

atmospherelayers

climate

weather

greenhouse effect

greenhouse gases (be specific!!)

global warming

climate change

albedo

hurricane

cryoconite

proxy data

paleoclimatology

Kyoto Protocol

Montreal Protocol

sea level rise

ocean acidification

Global Air Circulation

HUMAN POPULATION

carrying capacity

consumer (economic)

HDI (Human Development Index)

limiting factor

doubling time

exponential growth

linear growth

demographic transition

family planning

Age Structure Diagram

IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)

TFR (Total Fertility Rate)

(crude) Death rate

(crude) Birth rate

urbanization

globalization

TOXICOLOGY

Toxicology

Bioassay

Serial Dilution

Synergistic effect

Radon

Bioaccumulation

Biomagnification

LD50

WASTE

Solid waste

municipal waste

industrial waste

sanitary landfill

incineration

electronic waste

hazardous waste

CERCLA

RCRA

brownfield

Superfund

recycling

waste to energy

ECOLOGY

Community

Ecosystem

Population

Ecology

Abiotic factors

Biotic factors

Range of tolerance

Limiting factor

Trophic level

Trophic pyramid

Producers (autotrophs)

Photosynthesis

Chemosynthesis

Consumers (heterotrophs)

Omnivore

Carnivores

Herbivore

Decomposer

Biomass

Habitat

Biodiversity

Ecological niche/ “niche”

Native species

Nonnative species

Invasive species

Indicator species

Keystone species

Pioneer species

Climax species

Interspecific Competition

Intraspecific Competition

Predation (predator-prey)

Parasitism

Mutualism

Commensalism

Ecological niche

Resource partitioning

Biogeochemical cycles (5 of them!)

Primary Succession

Secondary Succession

ENERGY

renewable resources

nonrenewable resources

fossil fuels

crude oil

petroleum products

natural gas

tar sands

British Thermal Unit (BTU)

Watt

Kilowatt hour

Energy

Energy efficiency

Second law of thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics

solar power

passive solar energy

active solar energy

photovoltaic cell

hydrogen fuel cell

wind power

geothermal energy

biomass energy

ethanol

Hydrogen fuel cell

Uranium–235

nuclear fission

nuclear fusion

radioactive waste

Radiation

Work

hydraulic fracturing (fracking)

electricity

generator

turbine

tidal power

hydroelectricdam

Keystone XL pipeline

bioremediation

oil slick

EARTH SCIENCE

Biome

Convection Cell

Latitude

Altitude

Evolution

Natural Selection

Mutation

Adaptation

monsoon

polar

temperate

tropical

geology

core

mantle

crust (oceanic and continental)

tectonic plates

lithosphere

subduction

transform fault

convergent plate boundary

divergent plate boundary

glaciers

erosion

the rock cycle

igneous rock

magma

sedimentary rock

metamorphic rock

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

Ethical Consumerism

Eco-apartheid

Eco-equity

Environmental justice

Environmental racism

3 waves of environmentalism

Tragedy of the Commons

sustainable development

NIMBY

utilitarian

conservation

preservation

stewardship

anthropocentric

Deep Ecology

preservation

natural capital

Tips for an A on this test (and a 5 on the AP Exam!):

  • Study actively. Come to tutoring. Ask Questions. Meet with your study group. Make flash cards. Make flow charts or models, like the one we did for climate change. Teach each other concepts until you can do it without looking at your book, phone, or notes.
  • Study early. The time to start studying for this exam is not April 21st. It is now. If you set aside 30 minutes every day, or a solid 45 every other day, you will be fine.
  • Study together. You have a study group assignment, so use it! You are literally getting class credit for helping each other prepare for this exam. Don’t pass it up.
  • Study completely. Don’t just say, “I sort of have this.” Make sure that you are as prepared as you can possibly be, and you will have no regrets.
  • Set a timer.Marathon study sessions can be exhausting. You will learn more if you set timers and take breaks.
  • Connect.In Howard’s End, EM Forester says “Only connect!” Make sure that you are connecting every concept to other concepts we have learned.
  • Practice, practice, practice.Use notes, labs, activities, and the textbook; the class website;and the practice Free Response questions on collegeboard.com to prepare.
  • Reward Yourself: This is a large task! Reward yourself with snacks, your favorite TV show, a new pair of shoes. Get your parents/guardians to chip in! Tell them it’s for your education.
  • Believe in Yourself: It may seem like a lot when you put it on 2 pages, but you KNOW this stuff. You have done SO much work this year, and it’s in your brain somewhere. You just have to practice accessing and connecting it and putting it in words. 