APES 9-WEEKS REVIEW: GEOLOGY, ATMOSPHERE, BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES & WATER RESOURCES

  1. What are the main forces of erosion?
  1. List 4 greenhouse gases:
  1. Identify the following compounds:
  • NH4+
  • NO2-
  • NO3-
  • NH3
  • HNO3
  • CO2
  • CO
  • CH4
  • O3
  • H2SO4
  • PO4
  1. Define the following:
  • nitrification
  • nitrogen fixation
  • denitrification
  • assimilation
  • ammonification
  1. Briefly describe each horizon layer:
  • O horizon
  • A horizon
  • B horizon
  • C horizon
  • E horizon
  1. Why are the following important for determining water quality?
  • Turbidity
  • Dissolved Oxygen (D0)
  • Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
  • Nitrates
  • Phosphates
  • Temperature
  1. Briefly describe El Nino- Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
  1. How have human activities altered the hydrologic cycle?
  1. Define the process (steps) behind eutrophication.
  1. How have human activities altered the carbon cycle other than burning fossil fuels?
  1. Which nutrients are limiting factors form plant growth?
  1. Which body of water does the Colorado River flow into? The Rio Grande?
  1. Hydro- means =
  1. What do the following test indicate about water quality:
  2. Turbidity
  3. Total Dissolved Solids
  4. Dissolved Oxygen
  5. Temperature
  6. Nitrates/ Phosphates
  7. Fecal coliform
  1. Define water table, aquifer and zone of saturation

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

  1. Earth is essentially a(n) system regarding matter and a(n) system regarding energy.
  1. open; open
  2. open; closed
  3. closed; closed
  4. closed; open
  5. open; self-sustaining

2. Ozone

  1. is formed in the stratosphere through the interaction of ultraviolet radiation and molecular oxygen.
  2. is considered a pollutant in the stratosphere
  3. filters out all harmful ultraviolet radiation
  4. in the stratosphere forms a thermal cap that is important in determining the average temperature of the troposphere
  5. forms in the troposphere and generally travels to the stratosphere over a two to three month period of time

3. What percent of the incoming solar energy is captured by the green plants and bacteria and fuels photosynthesis to make the organic compounds that most life-forms need to survive.

  1. 90%
  2. 66%
  3. 40%
  4. 10%
  5. less than 1%

4. Nutrient-holding capacity of the soil is a measure of

  1. The amount of nutrients present
  2. How readily nutrients can be broken down
  3. How readily nutrients can be absorbed by plants
  4. How readily nutrients can be leached
  5. All of the above

Questions 5-8 refer to the following soil and rock components:

  1. Minerals
  2. Loam
  3. Igneous
  4. Sedimentary
  5. Metamorphic

5. a mixture of soil that forms from the mixture of clay, silt, and sand

6. often formed from the remains of dead organisms compacted over millions of years (for example, coal)

7. an element or organic compound that typically has a solid crystalline internal structure

8. forms below or on the earth’s surface from molten rock material welling up from the upper mantle

9. Waterlogging is a result of

  1. Over- irrigation by farmers to leach salts deeper into the soil
  2. Water accumulating underground and gradually raising the water table
  3. Over- irrigation of crops that leave salt residue in the topsoil layers
  1. I only
  2. II only
  3. III only
  4. I and II only
  5. I, II and III
  1. Excessive inputs of nitrogen have been known to cause explosive growth of toxic microscopic algae that can poison dish and marine mammals. This outbreak is also known as
  1. Oxygen demanding waste
  2. Sedimentation
  3. A ride tide
  4. Biomagnification
  5. A dead zone
  1. Which of the following is mined to make inorganic fertilizers and some detergents?
  1. Halite (salt ore)
  2. Sand resources
  3. Phosphate salts
  4. Limestone (CaCO3)
  5. Cobalt
  1. The area noteworthy for its frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity, also known as the “The Ring of Fire”, is found in the
  1. Southern Atlantic Ocean
  2. Basin of the Pacific Ocean
  3. Antarctic seas
  4. Dead Sea
  5. Northern Indian Ocean
  1. Nitrogen, the most abundant gas in the atmosphere, cycles through ecosystem and is primarily controlled by
  1. evaporation and precipitation
  2. the activity of microscopic bacteria
  3. chemical exchange with oceans
  4. uptake of nitrates by plants
  5. erosion of rock by wind and rain
  1. Which of the following is an example of a large-scale water transfer project that has caused much environmental damage?
  1. Love Canal, New York
  2. Yangtze River, China
  3. Three Mile Island, Philadelphia
  4. Aral Sea, former USSR
  5. Minamata, Japan
  1. What is a chemical water quality test that should be performed to provide more answers as to why the dissolved oxygen content is dropping?
  2. Secchi disk test
  3. Imhoff cone test
  4. Nitrate test
  5. River flow rate
  6. Fecal coliform test