AP US History Review Columbus - 1800
Consider the 5 Ws when thinking about history: Who, What, When, Where, & Why/How is it important?
Ch. 1 New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769
Reasons for colonization:
Colonists who ultimately embraced the vision of America as an independent nation had in common all of the
following characteristics -
the desire to create an agricultural society
learning to live lives unfettered by the tyrannies of official authority
learning to live lives unfettered by the tyrannies of official religion
learning to live lives unfettered by the tyrannies of social hierarchies
They did have a willingness to subjugate others (slavery)
The ideals that the colonists cherished as synonymous with American life included reverence for all of the
following - individual liberty - self-government - religious tolerance - economic opportunity
They did not have an opposition to slavery
Native Americans:
Some of the more advanced Native American cultures did all of the following -
establish large, bustling cities - make strikingly accurate astronomical observations
study mathematics - carry on commerce
but they did not engage in significant ocean voyages of discovery [or did they?]
The size and sophistication of Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America can be attributed
- to the development of agriculture [which is why they were more war-like than nomadic hunter-gatherer Indians]
All of the following are true of the Inca, Mayan, and Aztec civilizations -
they had advanced agricultural practices based primarily on the cultivation of maize
they lacked the technology of the wheel
they built elaborate cities and carried on far-flung commerce
they had talented mathematicians, which allowed them to make accurate astronomical observations
but they did not have the use of large draft animals such as the horse and oxen
The crop that became the staple of life in Mexico and South America was corn
At the time of the European colonization of North America the number of Indian tribes was estimated at
approximately 200 [perhaps 500 – 500 Nations]
The Iroquois Confederacy was able to menace its Native American and European neighbors because of
- its military alliance, sustained by political and organizational skills
All of the following were original territories of North American Indian populations within the current borders of
the United States - Northeast – Southeast – Great Plains – Great Basin - but not Mesoamerica
Among the more highly developed Native American (Indian) cultures of North America were the
- Mound Builders – Iroquois – Pueblos – Creeks – and so many others not listed here
Slavery:
The Arabs and Africans were responsible for slave trading in Africa long before the Europeans had arrived
In the last half of the fifteenth century some forth thousand Africans were forced into slavery by Portugal and
Spain - to work on plantations on the Atlantic sugar islands
The origins of the modern plantation system can be found in the - Portuguese slave trade
The stage was set for a cataclysmic shift in the course of history when -
Europeans clamored for more and cheaper products from Asia.
and Africa was established as a source of slave labor
and the Portuguese demonstrated the feasibility of long-range ocean navigation
and the Renaissance nurtured a spirit of optimism and adventure [and profit $$$$$]
Columbus/Columbian Exchange:
After his first voyage, Christopher Columbus believed that he had - sailed to the outskirts of the East Indies
Columbus called the native people in the “New World” Indians because -
he believed that he had skirted the rim of the “Indies”
The following New World plants revolutionized the international economy –
maize – potatoes – beans – tomatoes
The introduction of American plants around the world resulted in - rapid population growth in Europe
Numerous Columbus facts such as cruelties and slavery, etc. – important but probably not on APUSH exam
Emergence of new interdependent global economic system [based primarily on sugar]:
All of the following contributed to the emergence of a new interdependent global economic system -
Europe providing the market and capital - Africa providing the labor
and the New World providing its raw materials – and the advancement and improvement of technology
European contact with Native Americans & political, economic, & social results:
European voyages of discovery and exploration were facilitated – by the Renaissance – by new naval
technology – by the rise of nation-states – and by printing presses – [by capitalism – joint-stock]
European contact with Native Americans led to -
the deaths of millions of Native Americans, who had little resistance to European diseases
Within a century after Columbus’s landfall in the New World, the Native American population was reduced by
nearly 90 percent
European explorers introduced smallpox into the New World
The flood of precious metal from the New World to Europe resulted in - the growth of capitalism
The institution of encomienda allowed the -
European governments to give [enslave] Indians to colonists if they promised to Christianize them
Spain began to fortify and settle its North American border lands in order to -
protect its central and South American domains from encroachments by England and France
As a result of Pope’s Rebellion in 1680 – [“rebellion” is a Eurocentric term to describe “revolutionary”]
the Pueblo Indians destroyed every Catholic church in the province of New Mexico
The treatment of the Native Americans by the Spanish conquistadores can be described as -
at times brutal and exploitative – other Europeans did the same if not worse – Ex. the English
Context is important here too – Europeans & other civilizations considered this acceptable at the time
Ch. 2 The Planting Of English America, 1500-1733
How and why the English colonized in America:
The financial means for England’s first permanent colonization in America were provided by -
a joint-stock company
All of the following provided motives for English colonization -
unemployment – a thirst for adventure – a desire for markets - and a desire for religious freedom
The guarantee that English settlers in the New World would retain the “rights of Englishmen” proved to be
- the foundation for American liberties
Originally, the Virginia Company intended to -
find a passage through America to the Indies
and guarantee its settlers the same rights as other English citizens
and realize a quick profit from its investment
and search for gold
England’s first colonies in the future United States of America – Roanoke & Jamestown:
The first successful English attempt at colonization in 1585 was in - Roanoke Island [the “lost colony”]
The settlement founded in the early 1600s that was the most important for the future United States was
- Jamestown
The early years at Jamestown were mainly characterized by - starvation, disease, and frequent Indian raids
Captain John Smith’s role at Jamestown can best be described as - saving the colony from collapse
Chief Powhatan had Captain John Smith kidnapped in order to -
impress Smith with his power and show the Indian’s desire for peace
When Lord De La Warr [Delaware is named after him] took control of Jamestown in 1610, he
- imposed a harsh military regime on the colony
The result of the Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644 can best be described as
- ending any chance of assimilating the native peoples into Virginia society
The native peoples of Virginia (Powhatans) succumbed to the Europeans because -
they died in large numbers from European diseases
they lacked the unity necessary to resist the well-organized whites
they could be disposed of by Europeans with no harm to the colonial economy
they were not a reliable labor source
(Think about Guns, Germs, and Steel Jared Diamond UCLA – not in textbook)
Despite an abundance of fish and game, early Jamestown settlers continued to starve because -
they were unaccustomed to fend for themselves and they wasted time looking for gold
After the purchases of slaves in 1619 by Jamestown settlers, additional purchases of Africans were few -
because they were too costly
The cultivation of tobacco in Jamestown resulted in all of the following -
the destruction of the soil
a great demand for controlled labor
soaring prosperity in the colony
the broad-acred plantation system
It did not result in the diversification of the colony’s economy
Impact of English colonization on Native Americans:
The biggest disrupter of Native American life was - disease
The Indians that had the greatest opportunity to adapt to the European incursion were
- inland tribes such as the Algonquians
First European parliamentary form of government in the future USA:
The summoning of Virginia’s House of Burgesses marked an important precedent because it
- was the first of many miniature parliaments to convene in America
In American history, 1619 is important because in that year
- blacks from Africa first arrived in English America
& the House of Burgesses was established for the Virginia colony
Founding of Maryland:
A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony in 1634 was to
- create a refuge for the Catholics
At the outset, Lord Baltimore allowed some religious toleration in the Maryland colony because he
- hoped to secure freedom of worship for his fellow Catholics
In 1649 Maryland’s Act of Toleration - guaranteed toleration to all Christians [not Jews and atheists]
Like Virginia, Maryland - cultivated tobacco on plantations and created a high demand for labor
English colonial agriculture:
Tobacco was considered a poor man’s crop because - it could be produced easily and quickly
Sugar was called a rich man’s crop for all of the following reasons -
had to be planted extensively
required the clearing of much land
required an elaborate refining process
was a capital-intense business
Origins of slavery, American slavery, slave codes, & American agriculture:
Under the Barbados slave code of 1661, slaves were - denied the most fundamental rights
The statues governing slavery in the North American colonies originated in - the Caribbean
One of the earliest and most important exports from the Carolinas was - Indian slaves
The colony of South Carolina prospered - by developing close economic ties with the British West Indies
Two major exports of the Carolinas were - rice and Indian slaves
Some Africans became especially valuable as slaves in the Carolinas because they
- were experienced in rice cultivation
The busiest seaport in the southern colonies was Charleston [why? slaves & slave-based agricultural products]
In American history, 1619 is important because in that year
- blacks from Africa first arrived in English America
& the House of Burgesses was established for the Virginia colony
Most democratic colonies:
North Carolina and Rhode Island were similar in that they - were the two most democratic colonies
[Consider: North Carolina had slave-based agriculture & Rhode Island became huge shippers of slaves]
The Carolinas & Georgia:
The inhabitants of North Carolina were regarded by their neighbors as - outcasts and irreligious
The attitude of Carolinians toward Indians can best be described as hostile
The colony of Georgia was founded
- as a defensive buffer [from Indians & Spaniards in FL] for the valuable Carolinas
Georgia’s founders were determined to - create a haven for people imprisoned for debt
Georgia grew very slowly for all of the following reasons except John Oglethorpe’s leadership -
its unhealthy climate
early restrictions on black slavery
Spanish attacks
lack of a plantation economy
Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia were similar in that they were all
- economically dependent on the export of a staple crop
Native Americans threatened by Europeans:
All of the following European imports threatened the Iroquois’ existence - whiskey – diseases – muskets
Plantation agriculture:
By 1750, all the southern plantation colonies -
based their economies on the production of staple crops for export
and practiced slavery
and provided tax support for the Church of England
and had few large cities
Ch. 3 Settling The Northern Colonies, 1619-1700
American colonies:
Colonists in both the North and the South established differences in all of the following areas -
patterns of settlement – economics – values - allegiance to England
Separatists/Pilgrims:
Why did King James I oppose the Separatists who wanted to break away entirely from the Church of England?
He realized that if his subjects could defy him as their spiritual leader, they could defy him as their political leader.
The Separatists (Pilgrims) migrated from Holland to the New World in order to
- avoid the Dutchification of their children
How can the Mayflower Compact best be described?
A promising step toward genuine self-government
Separatists - were radical Puritans and were also known as Pilgrims and authored the Mayflower Compact
MassachusettsBayColony:
Initially, the Massachusetts Bay Colony enjoyed all of the following advantages -
being a well-equipped expedition
starting off on a larger scale than any other English colony.
receiving many fairly prosperous and educated immigrants.
a shared purpose among the first settlers.
Puritan doctrine included acceptance of - the idea of a covenant with God
With the franchise in Massachusetts extended to all adult males who belonged to Puritan congregations, the -
proportion of qualified voters (approximately 2/5) in this colony as compared to England was - larger.
In the Massachusetts “Bible Commonwealth,” clergyman -
were barred from holding formal political office
Puritan religious beliefs allowed all of the following -
drinking alcohol – eating plentifully – making love discreetly – singing songs
it did not allow challenging religious authority
Among the Puritans, it was understood that -
the purpose of government was to enforce God’s laws
People who flouted the authority of the Puritan clergy in Massachusetts Bay were subject to the following
Punishments - fines – floggings – banishment – deathMassachusettsBayColonyDissenters:
According to Anne Hutchinson, a dissenter in Massachusetts Bay
- the truly saved need not bother to obey the laws of God or man
As the founder of Rhode Island, Roger Williams - established complete religious freedom for all
Roger Williams’ beliefs included all of the following -
breaking away from the Church of England
condemning the taking of Indian land without fair compensation
denying the authority of the civil government to regulate religious matters
challenging the legality of Massachusetts Bay’s charter
But did not include demanding oaths regarding religious beliefs
As a colony, Rhode Island became known for - individualist and independent attitudes
Roger Williams got into trouble with Massachusetts Bay authorities because he -
questioned the legality of the Massachusetts Bay charter and claimed that the colony’s civil government
should not regulate religious behavior
Connecticut’sPuritans:
Settlers of the Connecticut River colony developed a document known as the Fundamental Orders, which -
established a regime democratically controlled by “substantial” citizens
The city of New Haven was settled by - Puritans
Puritans:
Unlike other English voyagers to the New World, the Puritans - transplanted entire communities
Unlike Separatists, the Puritans - remained members of the Church of England
PeqoutWar:
After the Pequot War, Puritan efforts to convert Indians to Christianity can best be described as
- feeble, not equaling that of the Spanish or the French
The New England Indians’ only hope for resisting English encroachment lay in
- intertribal unity against the English
Puritans were - Calvinists and especially attracted England’s economically depressed
The Pequot War of 1637 resulted in - the virtual annihilation of the Pequots and four decades of uneasy peace
between the Puritans and the Indians
Massacre at Mystic
Metacom’s/KingPhilip’sWar:
King Philip’s War resulted in - the lasting defeat of New England’s Indians
Huge war w/more losses proportionally than the Revolution and many later wars
Salutary/BenignNeglect:
During the early years of colonization in the New World, England - paid little attention to its colonies
As a result of Sir Edmund Andros’ rule, - (under the Dominion of New England)
the power of town meetings was curbed
officials tried to enforce the Navigation Laws
taxes were levied without the consent of elected representatives
smuggling was suppressed
TheDutchNewNetherlands (Amsterdam)/NewYork:
New York was originally founded by the - Dutch.
The Dutch colony of New Netherlands (later New York) - was established for its quick profit of fur trading
New York and Pennsylvania were similar in that they both - had ethnically mixed populations
New England Confederation regarded Dutch New Netherlands as - an enemy to be wiped out
The physical growth of English New York was slowed because
- of the monopolistic land policies of the aristocrats
Cultural contributions the Dutch made to America include all of the following
- Easter eggs – Santa Claus – sauerkraut – skating
SocietyofFriends/Quakers:
One of the traits that made Quakers unpopular in England was - their refusal to do military service
PennsylvaniaTheMiddleColonies:
Pennsylvania was the - best advertised
Indian policy in early Pennsylvania can be best described as - benevolent
Economically, the colony of Pennsylvania - became profitable very quickly
All the middle colonies were - notable for their fertile soil
The middle colonies were notable for their - unusual degree of democratic control
The section of the American colonies where there was the greatest internal conflict was the middle colonies
Pennsylvania -
introduced an unusually liberal land policy that attracted a heavy flow of immigrants
and had fertile soil that produced surplus grain for export
and was founded with the intention of making a profit
Indiancolonistsinteractions:
Recently, historians have increasingly viewed the colonial period as -
one of contact and adaptation between native populations