AP - Transcription and Translation Bingo Guide – Use codon chart on pg. 192 of Honors Book

DNA / mRNA / tRNA / Amino acid
1 / ATC / UAG / AUC / Stop
2 / TGG / ACC / UGG / Threonine
3 / CCC / GGG / CCC / Glycine
4 / TCC / AGG / UCC / Arginine
5 / CTG / GAC / CUG / Asparatic Acid
6 / TAC / AUG / UAC / Methionine
7 / AGA / UCU / AGA / Serine
8 / ACC / UGG / ACC / Tryptophan
9 / AAA / UUU / AAA / Phenylalanine
10 / TTA / AAU / UUA / Asparagine
11 / TTT / AAA / UUU / Lysine
12 / GGG / CCC / GGG / Proline
13 / GAT / CUA / GAU / Leucine
14 / ACA / UGU / ACA / Cystine
15 / GTG / CAC / GUG / Histidine
16 / GTT / CAA / GUU / Glutamine
17 / CGG / GCC / CGG / Alanine
18 / TAG / AUC / UAG / Isoleucine
19 / CAT / GUA / CAU / Valine
20 / GCC / CGG / GCC / Arginine
  1. mRNA - UAG
  2. DNA - TGG
  3. tRNA - CCC
  4. codon - AGG
  5. anticodon - CUG
  6. transcriptional complementary strand - TAC
  7. translational complementary strand - AGA
  8. 3 bases on RNA that bring amino acid to ribosome - ACC
  9. 3 bases read by ribosome - UUU
  10. 3 bases that are on a molecule kept in the nucleus - TTA
  11. 3 bases on an exon – AAA
  12. GGI
  13. mRNA – CUA
  14. DNA – ACA
  15. tRNA – GUG
  16. mRNA – CAA
  17. tRNA – CGG
  18. DNA – TAG
  19. 3 bases on molecule that stores hereditary info – CAT
  20. 3 bases on temporary hereditary sequence - CGG

BONUS QUESTIONS

  1. What is transformation, and who discovered it?

2.  Who is Avery and what did he do? Retested Griffith’s experiment to find out what the “instructional agent” was. He did Griffith’s experiment but only used parts of the S bacteria each time (the capsule, the proteins, the DNA, etc.) Found that transformation still occurred when only using DNA

3.  Explain the experiment performed by Hershey-Chase. Bacteriophage w/ radioactive sulfur or phosphorous and saw what infected bacteria.

4.  What is Chargaff’s rule, and how does that demonstrate unity and diversity? A-T and C-G equal in all species but exact percentages are different

5.  Who are Watson and Crick, and who’s information did they use? Chargaff for base pairing and Franklin/Wilkins for structure

  1. 3 parts of a nucleotide? Sugar, phosphate, and base

7.  What is attached to the 1’, 3’, and 5’ end of a nucleotide? 1’ = base, 5’ = sugar, 3’ = nothing (which is why nucleic acids grow, are read, etc. 5’ to 3’)

8.  Types of bond holds backbone & Types of bond between bases? Covalent (phosphodiester) –backbone; hydrogen – between bases

  1. Pyrimidines and Purines? C,T, U – Pyr; A & G - Pur
  2. DNA replication:
  3. What?
  4. Where?
  5. Why?
  6. When?
  7. Is it parallel or anti-parallel?
  8. What is the semi-conservative model
  9. What is helicase, and when is it used?
  10. What is the function of a single-strand binding protein?
  11. What is Primase, and what is its function?
  12. What is the function of DNA polymerase (must use word complementary)?
  13. What is a telomere, and what is its function?
  14. What is the difference between the leading and lagging strand in DNA replication?
  15. What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
  16. Where do we get nucleosides? recycled from our body and from lysosomes breaking down food
  17. What is a gene? Enough DNA to make 1 polypeptide (1 gene – 1 polypeptide hypothesis, but not entirely correct bc some genes code for tRNA, snRNA, miRNA, etc.)
  18. What is transcription, why do we do it? and where does it occur? DNA to mRNA; make cheap copy of DNA; in nucleus
  19. What are the 3 differences between DNA and mRNA?
  20. What is a RNA polymerase?

23.  How is transcription initiated? Transcription factor attaches to TATA box in promoter sequence, other transcription factors join, followed by RNA Polymerase.

24.  What are the 3 modifications that are made to a primary mRNA to create a secondary mRNA, and what is the purpose of each? 5’ cap to allow ribosome to bind to initiate translation, poly-A tail to protect from digestive enzymes, and Alternative splicing

  1. What is a splicesome, and what is it made up of?
  2. What is translation, why do we do it, and where does it occur? mRNA to protein; proteins/enzymes do the job or make the thing that does the job; cytoplasm
  3. Explain what both a codon / anticodon are as well as where you find each.
  4. What does tRNA stand for, and what does it do?
  5. What enzyme connects a tRNA to an amino acid? Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
  6. There are 3 sites on a ribosome. What are these 3 sites and what occurs at each?
  7. What is wobble pairing, what base does it use, and when does this occur? 3rd base of anticodon (tRNA) does not have to match perfectly to codon, uses Inosine, and during translation.

32.  What is term for ribosome “walking” down mRNA 1 codon at a time? Reading frame / Translocation

  1. What does a stop codon code for? Release factor
  2. If a protein is to stay inside the cell, where does it go for its final modifications?

35.  Explain what happens to a protein as it is translated if it is destined to leave the cell. It has a signal peptide that is found by a signal recognition particle (SRP) that guides the ribosome to the Rough ER where the protein is funneled into it.

  1. Mutations – What are the 3 types of point (substitution) mutations, and what changes are seen in resulting polypeptide? Silent Point, Missense point, Nonsense point
  2. What are the 2 causes for reading frameshift mutations? Insertion, Deletion