AP – Psychology – Unit 6 Learning Review

  1. Define Learning. The relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
  2. A sea slug learns to withdraw its gill after repeatedly being squirted by water. After repeated squirting, the withdrawal response lessens. Which term would learning theorists use to describe this reaction?Habituation
  3. If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustratesAssociative Learning
  4. Define classical conditioning. Associations
  5. Define operant conditioning. Reinforcement / Punishments
  6. Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. DO THIS YOURSELF 
  7. Who would most likely agree with the following statement concerning the field of psychology? “Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods.”John B Watson
  8. The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted byPAVLOV
  9. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)CR
  10. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US wasFOOD
  11. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n) US

  1. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is theUS

  1. The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was theCR

  1. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS wasTHE SOUND OF A TONE

  1. For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the NS should be presentedSHORTLY BEFORE THE US
  2. What is spontaneous recovery?REAPPEARANCE, AFTER A PAUSE, OF AN EXTINGUISHED CONDITIONED RESPONSE
  3. Define extinction and give an example. WHEN YOU STOP TRAINING – GOING TO SPRING BREAK AND LEAVING MOUSE ALL ALONE
  4. After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcohol dependence may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ______in classical conditioning.COGNITIVE PROCESSES
  5. Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fearsMAY BE PRODUCED THROUGH CC
  6. B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had calledTHE LAW OF EFFECT
  7. Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ______reinforcement schedule.FIXED RATIO

  1. Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

A) / studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes
B) / inserting coins into a slot machine
C) / paying a cashier for a candy bar
D) / checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived
E) / assembling car parts in a factory
  1. Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ______schedule.VARIABLE RATIO
  2. A small-town radio disc jockey frequently announces how much money is currently in a jackpot. Every day several randomly selected residents are called and asked to identify the amount, and thereby win it. Those who keep track of the jackpot amount are most likely to be reinforced on a ______scheduleVARIABLE INTERVAL
  3. An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is aPUNISHMENT
  4. A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is aPOSITIVE PUNISHMENT
  5. Chimpanzees learn foraging and tool use by observing other chimpanzees. This best illustratesMODELING

  1. Bandura's experiments indicate that ______is important in the process of learning.MODELING

  1. Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance ofOBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
  2. After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustratesDESENSITIZATION