AP Euro: Unit 7

Chapter 23: Ideologies & Upheavals, 1815-1850

I.Dual Revolution: economic and political changes that merged into major social events

ie; growing industrial middle class encouraged the drive for representative government.

II.Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

  1. Quadruple Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain

defeated Napoleon & worked to establish a lasting peace.

Very lenient treatment of France: 1792 boarders, No war reparations, balance of power

Defensive maneuvers against future French aggression = established a stronger Dutch monarchy (Holland & Belgium), increased Prussian territories along the border of France, created kingdom of Sardinia in Italy and increased Austrian territories in northern Italy.

Allies were motivated by self-interest and traditional ideas about the balance of power

Metternich (Austria), Castlereagh (GB), Tallyrand (France) = idea of balance of power meant an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression by any combination of states or, worse, the domination of Europe by any single state.

Differences over balance: Russia (Tsar Alexander I) wanted to reestablish control over the kingdom of Poland and Prussia wanted the kingdom of Saxony. GB, Austria, France joined in an alliance to counter Russian & Prussian aggression. RussiaPrussia reduced their demands to avoid war.

Post-Napoleon’s hundred days

Louis XVIII restored to the thrown of France

France required to pay 700 million francs in war reparations

France had to pay for large foreign occupying army for 5 years

Establishment of the “Congress System” – series of international conferences and balance of power diplomacy that maintained relative peace in mid to late 19th century Europe.

B.Holy Alliance: Austria, Prussia, and Russia

1. led a crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution

a.repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe

1) Conference at Troppau: Metternich & Alexander I proclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all

autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened.

  1. Austrian forces marched into Naples in 1821 restoring Ferdinand I to the throne of the Two Sicilies

2)Carlsbad Decrees – (1819) required 38 German member states to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers, established a permanent committee of spies & informers to investigate any liberal or radical organization

III.Conservativism

  1. Klemens von Metternich

1.German aristocrat who regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions.

a.defended rights and privileges of the nobility,

b.believed that liberal middle-class stirred up the lower class in revolution

c.felt threatened by the relation between nationalism and liberalism: self-determination

1)Austrian Empire – Habsburgs dynastic state: made up of ¼ Germans, Magyars (Hungarians), Czechs,

Italians, Poles, Ukrainians, and several smaller ethnic groups.

strength: large population and vast territories

weakness: many and potentially dissatisfied nationalities

IV.Liberalism

  1. Liberty & Equality

1.demanded representative government

2.equality before the law

3.specific individual freedoms – press, speech, assembly, freedom from arbitrary arrest

B.Economic Liberalism

1.Laissez faire – unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy

a.classical liberalism

2.Adam Smith; Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)

a.capitalism – free enterprise, free competition = “invisible hand” = self-regulating market –

giving all citizens a fair and equal opportunity to do what they did best

b.early 19th century Britain industrial business promoted economic liberalism – used to suppress unions

> favored representative government with property qualifications attached to right to vote

V.Nationalism

A. Nationalist – sought to turn the cultural unity that they perceived into a political reality by

making the territory of each people coincide with well defined boundaries in an

independent nation-state.

  1. Cultural Unity – common language, history, and territory
  2. movement coincided with industrialism & urbanization that required better means of communication = resulted in standardized national languages
  3. stressed the differences among peoples – “we-they” outlook – national superiority roots that have a character of aggression and conflict.

VI.French Utopian Socialism

A.Socialism – believes in economic planning, economic equality, private property should be strictly regulated by the

government or that it should be abolished and replaced by state or community ownership.

  1. Count Henri de Saint –Simon (1760-1825): “Key to progress was proper social organization”

a.parasites give way to the doers who will carefully plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking

vast public works projects and establishing investment banks.

  1. Charles Fourier (1772-1837): self-sufficient communities (1,620 people)
  2. Louis Blanc (1811-1882): Organization of Work (1839) – workers should unite for universal voting rights & take

control of the state peacefully.

- state should est. government-backed workshops

factories to guarantee full employment

  1. Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865): What is Property? “nothing but theft”

aspirations of workers and utopian theorist reinforced each other = genuine socialist movement emerged in Paris in the 1830’s & 1840’s

B. Marxism – Communist Manifesto (1848) = “history of all previously existing societies is the history of class struggles.”

1. Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

2.Karl Marx (1818-1883) – proletariat would conquer the bourgeoisie through violent revolution

a.idea’s united sociology, economics, and all human history in a vast and imposing edifice

VII. The Romantic Movement

A.Classicism –set of artistic rules and standards that went hand in glove with the Enlightenment’s belief in

rationality, order, and restraint. Believed that ancient Greeks & Romans had discovered eternally valid

aesthetic rules – playwrights and painters should continue to follow them.

> art movement associated with Absolutism (Louis XIV)

B.Romanticism – belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, spontaneity in both art and personal life

1.Strum und Drang (“storm and stress”) – 1770’s & 1780’s early German romantics

a. bohemian life styles – “ the full development of one’s unique human potential to be the supreme purpose in life”

2.enchanted by nature – saw modern industrial growth as an ugly, brutal attack on nature

3.fascinated by color and diversity – “history was art of change over time.”

Literature

a.British romantic writers:

1)William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Lyrical Ballads – ie. Daffodils (pg. 768)

2)Walter Scott (1771-1832) translated Wolfgang von Goethe’s Gotz von Berlichingen

b.Foreign

3)Germaine de Stael (1766-1817) On Germany (1810)

4)Victor Hugo (1802-1885) Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831)

5)Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin (1804-1876) – pen name: George Sand

6)Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837)

Art and Music

a.Painters:

1)Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) – French painter, master of dramatic, colorful scenes – work celebrated nobility of

popular revolution

a) Liberty, Leading the People

b)Massacre at Chios(pg. 771)

2)Joseph M. W. Turner (1775-1837) – depicted nature’s power and terror

b.Music: free expression and emotional intensity

1)expanded size of small orchestra adding wind instruments and others

2)Chopin, Franz Liszt, Ludwig van Beethoven

VIII. Reforms & Revolutions

A.National Liberation in Greece

1.Greek revolt in 1821 against the occupying government of the Ottoman Empire

a.Alexander Ypsilanti (leader of the revolt)

b.Great Powers – led by Austria (Metternich) opposed all revolution – refused support

c.holy cause – for most Europeans / Americans who loved the Greek culture

2.1827 – Great Powers support Greece due to popular demand = defeated the Turks at the naval battle at Navarino 3. Great Britain, France, and Russia declared Greece independent in 1830 & installed a German prince as king of the

new country in 1832.

B.Liberal Reform in Great Britain

1.British aristocracy – feared radical movements home and abroad influenced by the French Revolution

a.After 1815 - attempted to defend its ruling position by repressing every kind of popular protest

1)Corn Laws: regulated foreign grain trade