AP EURO Review OutlineMr. Jannereth

Upheaval in Western Christendom, 1300-1560

  1. What were the consequences of the 1347-1348 pandemic known as the Black Death?
  2. How many people died?
  1. Results:
  2. Survivors:
  3. Rebellions:
  4. Hundred Years War (War Chart)
  1. How did the medieval church lose some of its prestige in the fourteenth century?
  2. Unam Sanctam
  3. Babylonian Captivity
  4. Great Schism
  5. John Huss
  6. Conciliar Movement
  7. Simony, Concubinage, Nepotism, Indulgences
  8. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

The Renaissance

  1. What is the Renaissance conception of life, how was it born in the Italian city-states in the late medieval period and the Quattrocento?
  2. Secularism
  3. Politically independent City-states
  4. Medici family
  1. How were these values reflected in the arts & literature?
  2. New artistic forms artists (styles and major works)
  3. Written subjects of personal interest, audience of humanists
  4. Christine de Pisan
  5. Vernacular
  6. Dante (Divine Comedy)
  7. Petrarch (love sonnets, tracts, etc)
  8. Boccaccio (Decameron)
  9. Pico della Mirandola (On the Dignity of Man)
  10. Education
  11. Castiglione (Book of the Courtier)
  12. Marriage
  13. Women: Early education, moral training of children, married young
  1. How did Italian political life relate to cultural movement known as the Renaissance?
  2. Private armies, competitive city-states
  3. Oligarchy
  4. Machiavelli (The Prince)
  1. What distinguished the Northern Renaissance?
  2. Relationship with medieval world
  3. Religion (stronger influence) & Humanism
  4. Erasmus: Religious & moral reform, fostering civility & tolerance (Praise of Folly)

The Reformation

  1. Who were the main groups supporting the Protestant Reformation?
  2. Popular dissatisfaction with church:
  3. Peasants Revolts in 1520’s:
  4. Middle-class Germans view:
  5. Kings & Princes:
  1. What ere Luther’s criticism of the church?
  2. “Justification by Faith Alone”:
  3. Tetzel & Indulgences
  4. 95 Theses
  1. How did Lutheranism become a successful movement, & how did that change Lutheranism as a religious movement?
  2. German Prince’s support:
  3. Diet of Worms:
  4. Vernacular Translation of Bible:
  5. Peasants (“equality of all believers”):
  6. Changes in Luther’s views:
  7. Charles V & Peace of Augsburg:
  1. What was distinct about Calvinism, and why did it become the most prevalent international form of Protestantism?
  2. Predestination:
  3. Geneva (Theocracy):
  4. Oxymoronic position toward democracy:
  1. What was unique about English Protestantism?
  2. Henry VIII:
  3. Act of Supremacy:
  4. Edward, Mary, & Elizabeth I (views and practices):
  1. Why does the Protestant Reformation matter so much?
  2. Shared protestant traits:
  3. Family life:
  4. Marriage
  5. Convents
  6. Education
  1. How did the Catholic Church fight back against Protestantism?
  2. Council of Trent:
  3. Papal power:
  4. Transubstantiation:
  5. Reforms
  6. Monastic life:
  7. Abuses:
  8. Missionary work:
  9. Jesuits
  10. Index
  11. Major states remain Catholic

Economic Renewal & Wars of Religion

Opening the Atlantic

  1. How do European trade patterns change when the Atlantic changes from barrier to bridge?
  2. Mass movement of people, ideas, culture (positive & negative):
  3. Global trade:
  4. Establishment in Asia (Constantinople):
  1. What was the impact of the encounter between Europe & the Americas on both America & Asia?
  2. Technological developments:
  3. Motivations: (Religious, economic, social):
  4. Slavery:
  5. Viceroyalties:
  6. Silver mines:

Commercial Revolution

  1. How did Europe become a predominantly commercial society?
  2. International trade:
  3. Town-based to nation-based commerce (Capitalism)
  4. Population growth:
  5. Rise in prices (Inflation):
  1. What was the impact on economic life and society of this economic transformation?
  2. Guild system (Fuggers):
  3. From guilds to “putting out” system:
  4. New industries: (cloth, mining, printing):
  5. International trade:
  6. New banking:
  1. What were the characteristics of mercantilism, and why did many governments adopt it?
  2. Buillionism (national self-sufficiency):
  3. Putting the poor to work (Poor Law, 1601):
  4. End of the Guild system:
  1. How did the changes of the Commercial Revolution have lasting impact on the social structure of Europe?
  2. Agriculture prices:
  3. Urban housing:
  4. Wage earners:
  5. Feudal class  modern aristocracy:
  6. Middle-class (Bourgeoisie & burgher):
  7. Clergy:
  8. Woman’s role:
  1. How do Eastern & Western Europe compare?
  2. Benefits to Middle class & peasantry in West:
  3. Sink into serfdom
  4. The robot
  1. What were the political parameters of Spain during the golden ages?
  2. Habsburg dynasty divided (Charles V abdicates):
  3. Ferdinand (HRE):
  4. Philip II:
  5. Spain’s Golden century

1. Silver mines (economic):

2. Cervantes, El Greco (arts/sciences):

  1. Catholic church in Spain:
  2. Dutch rebellions (Duke of Alva):
  1. What was the Netherlands in the early modern period, and why did they revolt against Spain?
  2. Modern Netherlands, BelgiumLuxembourg
  3. Northern:
  4. Southern:
  5. Reasons for revolt:
  6. Duke of Alva & William of Orange:
  7. England’s role:
  8. Union of Utrecht:
  9. Peace of Westphalia (1658):
  10. Spanish Armada:
  11. Reasons for Spain’s decline:
  1. What were distinguishing features of France in the early modern period?
  2. Large, populous, diverse:
  3. Religious issues (Calvinism for Nobles):
  4. Protestantism in SW France:
  1. How and why did religion wars being in France? Who won?
  2. Henry II (1559):
  3. Catherine de Medici:
  4. Duke of Guise:
  5. Henry of Bourbon (King of Navarre):
  6. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre:
  7. Politiques (secularists):
  8. Henry of Navarre as King Henry IV:
  9. Edict of Nantes:
  10. Cardinal Richelieu/Louis XIII:
  1. What ere the divisions within the Holy Roman Empire?
  2. Large, divided by ethnicity, religion, language:
  3. Protestantism:
  1. What was the Thirty Years’ War, and why was it important?
  2. German civil war:
  3. Catholicism vs. Protestantism
  4. Constitutional (Central or decentralized authority):
  5. International conflict:
  6. Three Phases:

1.Bohemian (1618-1625):

  1. “defenestration of Prague”

2. Danish (1625-1629):

  1. King Christian vs. Duke of Wallenstein:
  2. Edict of Restitution:

3. Swedish (1630-1635):

  1. Gustavus Adolphus:
  2. Edict of Restitution Nullified:

4. Swedish-French (1635-1648):

  1. What were the long-term consequences of the Peace of Westphalia?
  2. Peace of Augsburg augmented:
  3. Setback for Counter-reformation:
  4. HRE weakened:
  5. German Unification delayed two centuries:
  6. Physical damage to Germany:
  7. European unity idea damaged (acknowledge a Europe of independent states):
  8. Raisons d’etat (Reasons of the state) now dominates:

The Growing Power of Western Europe, 1600-1715

The DutchRepublic

  1. What were the chief international issues facing Europe in the seventeenth century?
  2. Louis XIV (French expansion, Alsace Lorraine):
  3. Spanish Succession (Habsburg power):
  4. Balance of Power concept to counter “universal monarchy”:
  5. Dutch leader, William III (prince of Orange, later King of England) leads to check Louis’ power:
  1. What were noteworthy cultural achievements of the DutchRepublic?
  2. Commercial and Cultural success:
  3. Discoveries: Telescope, Saturn’s rings, wave theory of light:
  4. Art:
  5. Rembrandt:
  6. Rubens:
  7. Baroque:
  1. What political, economic and military factors led to Dutch success and later decline?
  2. Domination of seas in early 1600’s:
  3. Dutch East Indies Company:
  4. Dutch West India Company:
  5. Amsterdam as Financial center (international currency):
  6. Navigation Act of England:
  7. Glorious Revolution:
  8. Check on French ambitions:

Britain, The Civil War

  1. What set the stage for revolution in England in the seventeenth century?
  2. Religious conflicts:
  3. Political (absolute vs. limited monarchy):
  4. Culture coalesce, rising English power
  5. Shakespeare:
  6. Coal:
  7. Woolen:
  8. Trade industry:
  1. What was distinctive about the English Civil War?
  2. Parliament over the King:
  3. Model of liberalism & representative government:
  1. What were the chief causes of the English Civil War?
  2. Monarchy foreign (out of touch):
  3. Propertied/aristocratic well-represented in Parliament:
  4. Irish and Scottish conflicts:
  1. What were the chief consequences of the English Civil War?
  2. Modern land tenure:
  3. Religious restrictions for office holders:
  4. Assertion of Parliamentary power over royal prerogative:
  5. Whigs & Tories:
  6. Emigration out of England (radical Puritans):
  7. Mercantilist legislation:
  8. Dawn of Naval supremacy:
  9. Constitutional (Limited) Monarchy:
  1. What are the main events of the English Revolution? Why did parliamentary forces win in England?
  2. James I (Divine Right of Kings):
  3. Calvinist M.P.’s:
  4. Charles I rule without Parliament:
  5. Scot’s rebel over Book of Common Prayer:
  6. Charles calls Parliament to secure funds:
  7. Long Parliament, (New elections return same opposition):
  8. Roundheads:
  9. New Model Army:
  10. Oliver Cromwell:
  11. “Rump” Parliament:
  12. Irish rebellion:
  13. Navigation Act of 1651:
  14. Levellers (more radical, opposed by Cromwell)
  15. Manhood suffrage
  16. Written constitution
  17. Equal representation in parliament
  18. Quakers:
  19. Abolishment of Parliament (1653):
  20. Restoration (Death of Cromwell) 1658, 1660:
  1. How did the Restoration solve – and not solve – the religious and political conflicts?
  2. Charles II (Catholic inclinations):
  3. “Squirearchy”:
  4. Dissenters (townspeople):
  5. Declaration of Indulgence / Test Act:
  6. James II (Catholic):
  7. Tories (gentry & lesser aristocrats) vs. Whigs (merchants & upper aristocrats):
  8. Tories & Whigs act together  offer crown to Jame’s protestant daughter Mary
  9. Glorious Revolution: William of Orange & Mary (1689)
  10. Limited monarchy (Bill of Rights, 1689):
  11. Act of Settlement
  12. United Kingdom formed (1707):
  13. Persecution of Irish Catholics:
  14. Bank of England:
  15. Limited monarchy / Rule of Law:

France of Louis XIV, Absolutism (1643-1715)

  1. What distinguished France in the seventeenth century?
  1. Art, Architecture, Fashion, Writers, Philosophers, Scientists:
  2. Salons:
  3. Fronde (Cardinal Mazarin):
  4. Louis XIV (to rule alone):
  5. Absolutism (fusion of justice and power):
  1. How did Louis XIV achieve his goals of centralization of political power?
  1. Army transformed from private to national:
  2. Versailles (Awe of nobility):
  3. Intendants:
  4. Mercantilist (Colbert):
  5. Self-sufficiency:
  6. Tariffs:
  7. Commercial code
  8. Roads/canals/monopolies/tax relief
  9. Colonies
  10. Foreign Wars
  11. Relations with Nobility:
  12. Edict of Nantes Revoked (1685):
  1. What were Louis XIV’s goals in the Dutch War, and to what degree were they thwarted by the European powers?
  2. Goal to weaken Habsburgs:
  3. Catholic & Protestant enemies organized League of Augsburg:
  1. What were Louis XIV’s goals in the War of Spanish Succession, and to what degree were they thwarted by the other European powers?
  2. Bourbon rule in Spain (Louis claims):
  3. HRE Leopold I:
  4. Grand Coalition of 1701 (William III):
  5. Treaty of Utrecht (1713):
  6. Partition of Spanish empire:
  7. British gains & from whom:
  8. Austrian gains:
  9. Spain retains:
  10. No one person could inherit crowns of both SpainFrance
  11. Weakened France
  12. England emerges as great winner
  13. First major war fought for commerce & industry, not religion

The Transformation of Eastern Europe

Three Aging Empires

  1. Why were the Holy Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Republic of Poland weak in the early modern period? What characteristics did they all share?
  2. Hold Roman Empire:
  3. Ottoman Empire:
  4. Republic of Poland:
  5. Differences: religion, longevity, connection to W. Europe
  6. Share: Weak central authority, inefficient admin.
  7. Austria, Prussia, Russia emerge as great states.
  1. Why was the Holy Roman Empire so weak?
  2. Reformation: devastated politically (Treaty of Westphalia)
  3. Goal of Universality vs. nationality
  4. No central bank, no colonies, merchant class, stock exchange
  5. No uniform laws, tariffs, tolls, coinage, calendar
  6. Political:
  7. “Germanic Liberties”:
  8. Prevented internecine war or conflict:
  9. Internal dynasties:
  10. Hohenzollerns of Prussia
  11. Guelphs of Hannover (Windsor in England by 1714):
  12. Austria – Hapsburgs
  13. Prussia – Hohenzollerns
  1. Why was Poland particularly weak?
  2. Elected monarch:
  3. Heterogeneous population:
  4. Aristocracy inviolate in its rights:
  5. Central Diet weak:
  6. 50 local diets
  7. Required unanimity
  8. Most meetings “explode”
  9. Nobility pay no taxes:
  10. No National army:
  11. Peasantry  surfs
  12. Weakness key factor in rise of RussiaPrussia
  1. How was the Ottoman Empire more successful in the early modern period?
  2. Organization:
  3. Army:
  4. Janissaries:
  5. Religious tolerance:
  6. Church & State:
  7. French merchant influence:
  1. How did a strong Austrian Habsburg monarchy rise out of the Holy Roman Empire?
  2. Austrian Habsburgs had been the Holy Roman Emperors
  3. Transition from dying HRE to Spain & Austrian empire
  4. Bohemia:
  5. Thirty Years War incorporation:
  6. Hungary:
  7. Turkish invasion and recovery:
  8. Austria:
  1. What were some defining characteristics of the Austrian Empire?
  2. Unifying:
  3. Catholicism:
  4. Habsburg Empire:
  5. Pragmatic Sanction:
  6. Maria Theresa:

The Formation of Prussia

  1. How did Prussia use its small size to its advantage in the seventeenth century?
  2. Small state power:
  3. Brandenburg:
  4. Duchy of Prussia & Brandenburg (Peace of Westphalia) form Prussia:
  5. Friedrich Wilhelm (Great Elector):
  6. Focus on building strong army:
  7. Frederick:
  8. German “King” thanks to War of Spanish Succession:
  1. How did militarism infuse the Prussian state?
  2. Military expenditures in relation to resources:
  3. Independent of state:
  4. Bureaucracy:
  5. Junkers – absorbed into military service:
  6. Junkers – authority over surfs:
  7. King Frederick William I:
  8. Tall soldiers:
  9. Doubled army size:
  10. Frederick the Great:
  11. War with Austria:
  12. “Remarkable creation”:

The “Westernizing” of Russia

  1. How was Russia different from Europe?
  2. Orthodoxy:
  3. Warm-water ports:
  4. Europeanization of Russia:
  5. Autocratic state – Support the army:
  1. What were the conditions in Russia before Peter the Great?
  2. Slavic:
  3. Traditions:
  4. Beards:
  5. Women secluded:
  6. Church – No educational or charitable institutions
  7. Political:
  8. Duma
  9. Serfdom – Manorialism:
  1. What changes did Peter the Great make in Russia?
  2. Western influence:
  3. Church weakened (no new Patriarch) & secularized:
  4. Peter’s Goals:
  5. Protect Russia (Swedes & Turks):
  6. Est. Russia’s military:
  7. Streltsi:
  8. Army:
  9. New CapitalCity:
  10. Mercantilism:
  11. New Administration structure:
  12. Hereditary Succession:
  13. Social Revolution:

The Scientific Revolution

Bacon & Descartes: Prophets of a Scientific Civilization

  1. What were the conditions for scientific work before the seventeenth century?
  2. Publishing of knowledge:
  3. Skepticism (Montaigne):
  4. Witchcraft:
  5. Why sustained?
  6. Why it died out?
  1. Who were Bacon & Descartes, and what were their different ways at arriving at truth?
  2. Bacon (Inductive) vs. Descartes (Deductive)
  3. Humans could understand and control nature to improve human life:
  4. Bacon:
  5. Truth derived from particulars:
  6. Observation – Experimentation:
  7. “Knowledge is Power”:
  8. Scientific method, but not mathematics:
  9. Descartes:
  10. Deduction – Mathematician (analytic geometry):
  11. All nature can be expressed mathematically:
  12. System of doubt (“I think, therefore I am”):
  13. Dualism (physical & spiritual worlds):

Road to Newton: Law of Universal Gravitation

  1. What were major advancements in other sciences?
  2. Circulation of blood - Capillaries
  3. Microscope
  4. Mathematics:
  1. What were the major innovations in astronomy?
  2. Ptolemaic theory vs. Heliocentric theory
  3. Copernicus:
  4. Brahe:
  5. Kepler:
  6. Galileo:
  7. Newton:
  8. Institutions formed for scientific learning/study:
  9. Practical scientific advancements:
  1. How did these discoveries change the way people thought?
  2. Humans not center of universe:
  3. Gap between religion & science:
  4. Secularization:
  1. What impact did European encounters with the rest of the world have on their thinking in the seventeenth century?
  2. Awareness of human differences:
  3. Skepticism:
  4. Relativism:
  5. Evidence (end of witch-hunts):
  6. Legal principles established:
  1. How did ideas about history and religion change?
  2. Gregorian calendar:
  3. Locke:
  4. Empiricism / “Blank slate”:
  5. Evil can be done away with improved Social environment:
  1. How did the concept of natural law lead Hobbes and Locke to two very different conclusions?
  2. Political Theory:
  3. Natural Law (State of Nature):
  4. Hobbes:
  5. Leviathan:
  6. Government’s created by men, not by God:
  7. Locke:
  8. Life, liberty & property:
  9. Constitutional government:
  10. Racism:
  11. Combination of Limited monarchy with modern scientific principles:

The Struggle for Wealth & Empire

Elite & Popular Cultures

  1. How did the gap between elites & the ordinary people widen in the eighteenth century?
  2. Elites:
  3. Power, Prestige, Wealth
  4. Language:
  5. Local dialects vs. national languages
  6. Booked based vs. Oral culture
  7. Poor:
  8. Conditions
  9. Commodities:
  10. Diseases, pollutants
  11. Carnivals, theaters, witchcraft

The Global Economy of the Eighteenth Century

  1. How did the global economy expand in the eighteenth century?
  2. Domestic vs. International Trade:
  3. Cottage Industries (domestic system):
  4. Atlantic Trade:
  5. England:
  6. France:
  7. Dutch:
  8. Asian Trade:
  9. Far East:
  10. Russia (timber & grain):
  1. Why did Europe become the wealthiest region of the world in the eighteenth century?
  2. Commercial capitalism:
  3. Slave labor:
  4. Global resources & Labor enrich Europe:
  5. Generate capital & demand for goods:
  1. What were the social consequences of this increase in wealth?
  2. Most wealth held privately:
  3. Standard of living:
  4. Rich/Poor Gap:
  5. Merchant class integrating with Aristocratic (marriage):
  6. Social stability:

Western Europe after the Peace of Utrecht

  1. How well did the European states recuperate from the War of Spanish Succession?
  2. Spain (Absolutist):
  3. Dutch:
  4. France, Louis XV:
  5. Duke of Orleans:
  6. Growth of Aristocracy & Parlement power:
  7. Great Britain:
  8. Whigs:
  9. Tories:
  10. Jacobites:
  1. What were the great financial scandals of the 1720’s, and how did they come about?
  2. War Debt:
  3. Mississippi company (John Law):
  4. Cardinal Fleury (Fr.) & Robert Walpole (Br.)
  5. Nationalization of Debt:
  6. Cabinet System:
  7. War of Polish Succession

The Great War of the Mid-Eighteenth Century (1763, Seven Years War)

  1. What was the “Great war” of the eighteenth century?
  2. Seven Years War – French & Indian War – War of Austrian Succession
  3. France vs. England over colonial economic competition:
  4. Prussia vs. Austria over domination in Central Europe:
  5. Professional Armies:
  6. Lowest classes serve:
  7. Civilians less affected – fought on battlefields vs. cities:
  8. War of Austrian Succession:
  9. Frederick II (The Great):
  10. Silesia – economic stronghold:
  11. France Supported Prussia:
  12. Maria Theresa & Hungary
  13. British defeat French in colonies:
  14. Austria cedes Silesia, keep Belgium
  15. Prussian population, size, resources increase
  1. Why was the Seven Years’ War fought n Asia, the Americas, and in Europe? Who won?
  2. Prussia as threat:
  3. Competition for dominance in global economy:
  4. British colonial importance:
  5. India to the British:
  1. What were most important terms of the peace settlement and its consequences?
  2. Britain adds N American, east of Mississippi:
  3. Spain: West of Mississippi
  4. France: Keeps sugar colonies in Caribbean
  5. Prussia grows in power
  6. “Germanic Dualism”:
  7. Balance of Power:

PART II