Ap: Chapter 16: the Molecular Basis of Inheritance

AP: CHAPTER 16: THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1. After Morgan and fellow scientists developed the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, the search was on for the chemical mechanism of inheritance. What are the two components of the chromosome?

2. From initial logic, which component would be the most likely candidate for the genetic

material and why?

3. What did Griffith, Avery, and others accomplish with bacteria?

4. Define transformation.

5. What did the experiments done by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase show?

6. What are Chargaff’s rules?

7. If a species has 35% adenine in its DNA, determine the percent of the other three bases.

8. What was the role of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin in determining the structure of DNA?

9. Use the diagram to describe the structure of DNA. Include several comments.

10. What is the advantage of the double stranded aspect of the DNA?

11. Which model of DNA replication is accepted?

12. What happens at the DNA replication fork?

13. Make a list of the enzymes involved in replication and their role.

14. Why does the DNA have to add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction?

15. Label the diagram of DNA replication. Include the directions and the terms.

16. Describe the “priming of the DNA” before replication.

17. List some of the steps involved in DNA repair.

18. What is the problem that occurs at the ends of the chromosome during replication?

19. What is a telomere and its role in cell division.

20. Why was there no selection pressure for prokaryotes to evolve a telomere-like solution on their chromosome?

21. Why is telomerase an active area in cancer research?

AP: CHAPTER 17: FROM GENE TO PROTEIN

1. How did diseases involving metabolic pathways lead to hypotheses about the nature ofgenes?

2. Identify some genetic diseases that occur along metabolic pathways.

3. What was Beadle and Tatum’s hypothesis regarding enzymes?

4. How has that hypothesis been modified?

5. What occurs during transcription?

6. What occurs during translation?

7. How does the protein process differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

8. Briefly explain how Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei “cracked the genetic code?”

9. What is the genetic code and why is said to be universal?

10. List several features about the genetic code.

11. Give an example of what happens if reading frames are altered?

12. List the highlights of the three stages of transcription.

a. Initiation

b. Elongation

c. Termination

13. What happens to the transcript RNA before it leaves the nucleus?

14. What is the advantage of the 5’ cap and poly A tail?

15. Distinguish between exons and introns.

16. Describe the mechanism for splicing RNA.

17. What does alternative RNA processing do for cells?

18. Identify the roles of the players of the translation process.

a. Transfer RNA

b. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

c. Ribosomes

19. Identify and briefly describe the steps of translation. Initiation Elongation Termination

20. What is the advantage of polyribosomes?

21. Give an example of how a polypeptide gets into the ER for additional processing.

22. How does protein synthesis differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

23. Define point mutations.

24. Define mutations that are:

a. Missense

b. Nonsense

c. Insertion or deletion

25. Use the diagram to trace the flow of chemical information from the gene to the protein