AP Biology Study Guide for Ch. 22-26
EVOLUTION
April 2016
When Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859, it changed the scientific view of the world and all of the organisms inhabiting it forever. Now, the Theory of Evolution is the single most important and unifying concept in biology and it’s our Big Idea 1. Your book does an outstanding job of explaining all of the topics that you need to understand, and illustrates them with lots of beautiful photographs and diagrams. So, I hope you will enjoy studying these chapters!
I. SCHEDULE 2016 for Chapters 22, 23, 24, 25 & 26
Monday (4/4)*Lecture Ch. 21
*Go over Ch. 22-26 assignments / Tues
*Lecture Ch. 21 / Wed/Thurs
*Finish Ch. 21 / Fri
*Quiz Ch. 21
*F & T Guide Ch. 21 DUE
*Work on Ch. 22-26
Monday (4/11)
*Work on Ch. 22-26 / Tues
*Work on Ch. 22-26 / Wed/Thurs
*Investigation 2 (Classic Lab 8) – Modeling Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium / Fri
*In-Class FRQ
*Work on Ch. 22-26
Monday (4/18)
*Work on Ch. 22-26 / Tues
*Test Ch. 22-26
*Packet DUE
*Flashcards DUE
*Download Study Guide Plants & Ecology / Wed/Thurs / Fri
II. KEEP IN MIND
You are in the home stretch of AP Biology!! Hang in there. Stay caught up. Spend at least 30 minutes a day reviewing for your exam. You will be SO HAPPY when all of this is over and you feel like you gave it your all and did YOUR BEST.
III. KEY VOCABULARY
evolution by natural selection
evolution by the inheritance of acquired characteristics
gene pool allelic frequency
genetic equilibrium genotype frequencies
Hardy-Weinberg Law warning coloration
genetic drift neutral selection
mutation pressure gene flow
selection pressure preadapted
polygenic characters directional selection
disruptive selection stabilizing selection
balanced polymorphism heterozygote superiority
adaptation fitness
coevolution cryptic appearance
convergence commensalism
mutualism parasitism
population deme
species intraspecific variation
cline subspecies
race speciation
founder effect allopatric
sympatric ecogeographic isolation
habitat isolation seasonal isolation
behavioral isolation geographic isolation
reproductive isolation polyploidy
sympatric speciation evolutionary bottleneck
punctuated equilibrium gradualism
IV. LEARNING TARGETS
CHAPTER 22
22.1. (This is partly a review of Chapter 13.) List the processes that can lead to variation in the genetic material, and explain why changes that affect only somatic cells, such as variations produced by practice, education, diet, or medical treatment, cannot bring about evolution.
22.2. Contrast Lamarck's theory of evolution by the inheritance of acquired characteristics with Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection.
22.3. What are homologous structures and vestigial structures? How do they provide evidence for Darwin’s Theory? What is biogeography? How does biogeography provide evidence for Darwin’s Theory?
CHAPTER 23
23.1. Explain the concept of the gene pool. Given the frequency of two alleles,
(A = 0.9, a= 0.1) calculate the ratios of the genotypes produced by them, using a Punnett square or the algebraic formula. Assume that both parents are heterozygous (Aa x Aa).
23.2 . State the Hardy-Weinberg Law, and discuss its five conditions for the maintenance of genetic equilibrium, describing the forces that prevent these conditions from being fulfilled. In doing so, use the following terms: genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, natural selection, and random mating.
23.3. Explain how natural selection on a phenotype in one generation can affect the genotype of the next generation, and calculate how changes in allelic frequencies in the parental generation can alter allelic frequencies in the offspring.
23.4. Using diagrams, contrast directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection.
23.5. Contrast the roles of selection and mutation in causing evolutionary change. Indicate other factors that may be important in evolution.
23.6. Using an example, explain how a characteristic can have both positive and negative effects, and indicate what determines whether or not the frequency of a trait will increase or decrease in the population. Include a discussion of heterozygote advantage, showing how this condition affects the fate of certain alleles.
23.7. Define adaptation and fitness in their evolutionary sense, and explain, using examples, how such phenomena as flower structure, defensive secretions, cryptic appearance (including polymorphism), warning coloration, and mimicry are adaptive.
23.8. Discuss intraspecific geographic variation; in doing so, distinguish among the following: population, race or subspecies, and cline.
23.9. Contrast the role of competition and natural catastrophes on the evolution of natural populations, explaining what is meant by an evolutionary bottleneck. Indicate which of the above is believed to be the predominant force leading to speciation over time.
CHAPTER 24
24.1. Give a definition of a species and, explain the geographic isolation model of divergent speciation. In doing so, be sure to take into account the roles of mutation, recombination, natural selection, and the gene pool.
24.2. Differentiate between sympatric speciation and allopatric speciation.
24.3. Explain what is meant by adaptive radiation, and discuss the evidence for this phenomenon, using the Galapagos finches as an example.
24.4. Compare the hypothesis of punctuated equilibrium with that of gradualism, and give an example supporting each hypothesis.
CHAPTER 25
25.1. Distinguish among divergent, parallel, and convergent evolution, and give examples of each. Explain the difference between homologous and analogous structures.
25.2. List in order the categories of the classification hierarchy used today. Then explain how a species is named. (see Chapter 25)