Ap Biology Chapter 16 Exam

AP Biology – Trimester C Study GuideNameHour

Chapters 18 & 20

Describe the effects of negative controls and positive controls on gene activity.

Explain the role of

The promoter region
The operator region
The repressor protein
Activators
Corepressors

Explain how negative control of the lac operon is accomplished. Include the conditions that cause the operon to turn on and off.

Describe the action of restriction enzymes. Include their role in DNA fingerprinting

Explain the role of each of the following in recombinant DNA/genetic engineering

DNA ligase
Reverse transcriptase
Bacterial Plasmids
Restriction enzymes
Antibiotics

Discuss the process of Recombinant DNA/Bacterial Transformation (the lab we did with the transgenic fluorescent bacteria). Describe the purpose of the main procedural steps.

Explain the process of Gel Electrophoresis

Note the stationary phase and the mobile phase
Relate the migration of DNA fragments to the size of the fragments
Identify some practical applications

Chap 22 & 23 Microevolution

Explain the role of each of the following in natural selection

Variability of an inherited trait
Struggle for existence
Environmental stress
Adaptation

Discuss the role of each of the following in establishing variability

Sexual reproduction
Conjugation
Crossing over

Compare & contrast natural selection and artificial selection. Give an example of each.

Explain how population size relates to evolution by genetic drift

Explain each of the following from the evolutionary perspective. Give examples for each

homologous structures

vestigial structures

analagous structures

Explain the Hardy Weinberg hypothesis. Include the conditions that would result in genetic equilibrium

A population of 1000 has 490 homozygous recessive individuals.

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations (p + q = 1.0 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0) to determine the following:

frequency of the recessive allele (q)

frequency of the dominant allele (p)

frequency of homozygous dominant (p2)

frequency of heterozygous (2pq)

frequency of homozygous recessive (q2)

Chapters 24 & 25

Discuss the role of reproductive isolation in divergence of species (note especially the accumulation of random mutations in isolated populations)

Define Adaptive Radiation. Discuss how migration and extinction events can lead to adaptive radiation

Describe the conditions of the early earth with regard to

Atmosphere
Land forms
Volcanic activity

Explain why most dead organisms do not fossilize

Discuss conditions in which fossils are more likely to form.

Explain the law of superposition and how it is used to tell the relative age of rock layers and the fossils they contain. Draw a simple diagram to illustrate your answer

Explain how radiometric dating (including carbon dating) can be used to determine the actual age of fossils

Identify the common life forms associated with the geologic eras. Include the events that led to the transition from one era to the next

Precambrian

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic

Discuss the role of developmental genes in evolutionary events

Describe the general pattern of embryonic development.

Describe the structure of each of the following stages of embryonic development

Zygote
Morula
Blastula
Gastrula
Embryo

Identify the adult tissues that are derived from each embryonic germ layer:

Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm

Describe the action of muscles. Note how the points of attachment (origin and insertion) affect the action of the muscle

Explain the concept of antagonistic muscle groups. Give an example (a diagram wouldn’t hurt)

Identify the organs associated with each of the ventral body cavities

Throat region
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity

Trace the flow of blood through the heart, pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. List the sequence, including major blood vessels (pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta, vena cava) beginning with the Left Ventricle.

Label the diagram below

Label the Diagrams Below